The Weilan Zhang Lab

PFAS distribution, fractionation, and transport in biosolids-amended soil, and PFAS effects on the soil ecosystem, etc. 

Visualization and spatial mapping of PFAS 

This research focuses on how PFAS compounds are taken up by plants from contaminated soil and water sources, examining bioaccumulation mechanisms and their environmental and health implications. 

Phytoremediation, Hydrothermal liquefaction, Stabilization, Adsorption, etc. 

• Liang, Y., Zhang, W. Enhanced phytoremediation from bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil. U.S. Patent Application No. 18/655,578. filed on May 6, 2023. Publication No. US20240368049A1.
• Liang, Y., Jiang, T., Zhang, W. Surfactant-modified montmorillonite for adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from aqueous solutions. Patent Application No. PCT/US2023/031130, filed on Aug. 25, 2023. Publication No. WO2024049709A1.
• Liang, Y., Zhang, W. Methods and systems for eliminating environmental contaminants using biomass. U.S. Patent Application No. US17/466,008, filed on Sept. 3, 2021. Publication No. US20220062843A1.

2025

• Kharel, M., Tian, M., Vu, T., Miao, Y., Zhang, W. PFAS in Plant-biosolids-soil systems: distribution, fractionation, and effects on soil microbial communities. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2025, 497: 139754. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139754.
• Zuo, Y., Zhang, W. Visualization and spatial mapping of PFAS in the edible storage root of radish. Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters. 2025, 6: 100141. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2025.100141.

2024

• Ilango, A.K., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by Conservation Reserve Program's seed mix in biosolids-amended soil. Environmental Pollution. 2024, 363: 125235. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125235.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Impact of four surfactants on the uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by red fescue grass. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2024, 27(1): 13-22. DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2394903.
• Bian, Y., Leininger, A.M., Zhang, W., Liang, Y., Ren, Z.J. Co-valorization of food waste and CO2 to produce volatile fatty acids using liter-scale tubular microbial electrosynthesis cells. ACS ES&T Engineering. 2024, 4(9): 2243-2251. DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.4c00218.
• Pervez, M.N., Jiang, T., Mahato, J.K., Ilango, A.K., Kumaran, Y., Zuo, Y., Zhang, W., Efstathiadis, H., Feldblyum, J., Yigit, M., Liang, Y. Surface modification of graphene oxide for fast removal of per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixtures from river water. ACS ES&T Water. 2024, 4(7): 2968-2980. DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00187.
• Jiang, T., Pervez, M.N., Ilango, A.K., Ravi, Y.K., Zhang, W., Feldblyum, J., Yigit, M.V., Efstathiadis, H., Liang, Y. Magnetic surfactant-modified clay for enhanced adsorption of mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in snowmelt: Improving practical applicability and efficiency. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2024, 471: 134390. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134390.
• Nason, S.L., Thomas, S., Stanley, C., Silliboy, R., Blumenthal, M., Zhang, W., Liang, Y., Jones, J.P., Zuverza-Mena, N., White, J.C., Haynes, C.L., Vasiliou, V., Timko, M.P., Berger, B.W. A comprehensive trial on PFAS remediation: hemp phytoextraction and PFAS degradation in harvested plants. Environmental Science: Advances. 2024, 3: 304-313. DOI: 10.1039/D3VA00340J.

2023

• Ilango, A., Jiang, T., Zhang, W., Pervez, M.N., Feldblyum, J., Efstathiadis, H., Liang, Y. Enhanced adsorption of mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water by chemically modified activated carbon. ACS ES&T Water. 2023, 3(11): 3708-3715. DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00483.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. The wide presence of fluorinated compounds in common chemical products and the environment: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023, 30: 108393-108410. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30033-6.
• Jiang, T., Pervez, M. N., Quianes, M. M., Zhang, W., Naddeo, V., Liang, Y. Effective stabilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) precursors in wastewater treatment sludge by surfactant-modified clay. Chemosphere. 2023, 341: 140081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140081.
• Kang, S.B., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Kim, K., Won, S.W. Removal of short- and long-chain PFAS from aquatic systems using electrostatic attraction of polyethylenimine-polyvinyl chloride electrospun nanofiber adsorbent. Separation and Purification Technology. 2023, 326: 124853. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124853.
• Ilango, A., Jiang, T., Zhang, W., Feldblyum, J., Efstatthiadis, H., Liang, Y. Surface-modified biopolymers for removing mixtures of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water: Screening and removal mechanisms. Environmental Pollution. 2023, 331: 121865. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121865.
• Wang, X., Zhang, W., Ma, X. Effects of physicochemical properties and co-existing zinc agrochemicals on the uptake and phytotoxicity of PFOA and GenX in lettuce. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023, 30(15): 43833-43842. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25435-5.

2022

• Zhang, W., Wellington, T., Liang, Y. Effect of two sorbents on the uptake and transformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) in soybean. Environmental Pollution. 2022, 318: 120941. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120941.
• Ravi, Y., Zhang, W., Yanna Liang, Y. Effect of surfactant assisted ultrasonic pretreatment on production of volatile fatty acids from mixed food waste. Bioresource Technology. 2022, 368: 128340. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128340.
• Jiang, T., Zhang, W., Ilango, A., Feldblyum, J. Wei, Z., Efstathiadis, H., Yigit, M., Liang, Y. Surfactant-modified clay for adsorption of mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous solutions. ACS Applied Engineering Materials. 2022, 1(1): 394-407. DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.2c00096.
• Zhang, W., Tran, N., Liang, Y. Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by soybean across two generations. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 2022, 8: 100170. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100170.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Changing bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to plant in biosolids amended soil through stabilization or mobilization. Environmental Pollution. 2022, 308: 119724. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119724.
• Jiang, T., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Uptake of individual and mixed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by soybean and their effects on functional genes related to nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. Science of the Total Environment. 2022, 838: 156640. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156640.
• Zhang, W., Jiang, T., Liang, Y. Stabilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sewage sludge using different sorbents. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 2022, 6: 100089. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100089.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Performance of different sorbents toward stabilizing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil. Environmental Advances. 2022, 8: 100217. DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100217.
• Zhang, W., Sharifan, H., Ma, X. Editorial: Occurrence, fate, and treatment of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment and engineered systems. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2022, 10: 880059. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.880059.

2021

• Cao, H., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Liang, Y., Sun, H. Photodegradation of F-53B in aqueous solutions through an UV/Iodide system. Chemosphere. 2022, 292: 133436. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133436.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge — effect of four reagents on relevant parameters related to biocrude and PFAS. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022, 10: 107092. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.107092.
• Jiang, T., Geisler, M., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Fluoroalkylether compounds affect microbial community structures and abundance of nitrogen cycle-related genes in soil-microbe-plant systems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 228: 113033. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113033.
• Xiao, Y., Zan, F., Zhang, W., Hao, T. Alleviating nutrient imbalance of low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio food waste in anaerobic digestion by controlling the inoculum-to-substrate ratio. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 346: 126342. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126342.
• Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Liang, Y. Ineffectiveness of ultrasound at low frequency for treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in sewage sludge. Chemosphere. 2022, 286: 131748. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131748.
• Wang, X., Liu, L., Zhang, W., Ma, X. Prediction of plant uptake and translocation of engineered metallic nanoparticles by machine learning. Environmental Science & Technology. 2021, 55(11): 7491-7500. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01603.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Effects of hydrothermal treatments on destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in sewage sludge. Environmental Pollution. 2021, 285: 117276. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117276.
• Zhang, W., Cao, H., Liang, Y. Degradation by hydrothermal liquefaction of fluoroalkylether compounds accumulated in cattails (Typha latifolia). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021, 9(4): 105363. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105363.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Interactions between Lemna minor and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA). Chemosphere. 2021, 276: 130165. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130165.
• Zhang, W., Cao, H., Liang, Y. Plant uptake and soil fractionation of five ether-PFAS in plant-soil systems. Science of the Total Environment. 2021, 771: 144805. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144805.

2020

• Zhang, W., Cao, H., Liang, Y. Optimization of thermal pretreatment of food waste for maximal solubilization. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2021, 147(4): 04021010. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001869.
• Zhang, W., Cao, H., Subramanya, S.M., Savage, P., Liang, Y. Destruction of perfluoroalkyl acids accumulated in Typha latifolia through hydrothermal liquefaction. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020, 8(25): 9257-9262. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03249.
• Zhang, W., Efstathiadis, H., Li, L., Liang, Y. Environmental factors affecting degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In2O3 nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2020, 93: 48-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.028.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Removal of eight perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous solutions by aeration and duckweed. Science of the Total Environment. 2020, 724: 138357. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138357.
• Fox, J., Capen, J., Zhang, W., Ma, X., Rossi, L. Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles and cadmium on corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings physiology and root anatomy. NanoImpact. 2020, 20: 100264. DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100264.
• Cao, H., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Liang, Y. Sonochemical degradation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances - a review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2020, 69: 105245. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105245.

2019

• Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Zagorevski, D., Liang, Y. Exposure of Juncus effusus to seven perfluoroalkyl acids: uptake, accumulation and phytotoxicity. Chemosphere. 2019, 233: 300-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.258.
• Zhang, W., Yu, Z., Rao, P., Lo, I.M.C. Uptake and toxicity studies of magnetic TiO2-based nanophotocatalyst in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chemosphere. 2019, 224: 658-667. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.161.
• Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Liang, Y. Nanotechnology in remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: a review. Environmental Pollution. 2019, 247: 266-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.045.
• Yu, Z., Huang, J., Hu, L., Zhang, W., Lo, I.M.C., Effects of geochemical conditions, surface modification, and arsenic (As) loadings on As release from As-loaded nano zero-valent iron in simulated groundwater. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2019, 5: 28-38. DOI: 10.1039/C8EW00757H.
• Zhang, D., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Sorption of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) onto granular activated carbon and biochar. Environmental Technology. 2019, 43(5): 2193-2202. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1680744.
• Zhang, D., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Distribution of eight perfluoroalkyl acids in plant-soil-water systems and their effect on the soil microbial community. Science of the Total Environment. 2019, 697: 134146. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134146.
• Zhang, D., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous solution - A review. Science of the Total Environment. 2019, 694: 133606. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133606.
• Zhang, D., Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Bacterial community in a freshwater pond responding to the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Environmental Technology. 2019, 41(27), 3646-3656. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1616828.
• Rossi, L., Bagheri, M., Zhang, W., Chen, Z., Burken, J., Ma, X. Using artificial neural network to investigate physiological changes and cerium oxide nanoparticles and cadmium uptake by Brassica napus plants. Environmental Pollution. 2019, 246: 381-389. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.029.

2018

• Zhang, W., Lo, I.M.C., Hu, L., Voon, C., Lim, B., Versaw, W. Environmental risks of nano zerovalent iron for arsenate remediation: impacts on cytosolic levels of inorganic phosphate and MgATP2- in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018, 52: 4385-4392. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06697.
• Zhang, W., Schwab, P., White, J., Ma, X. Impact of nanoparticles surface properties on the attachment of cerium oxide nanoparticles to sand and kaolin. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2018, 47: 129-138. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.07.0284.
• Stowers, C., King, M., Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Arya, A., Ma, X. Initial sterilization of soil affected interactions of cerium oxide nanoparticles and soybean seedlings (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in a greenhouse study. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2018, 6(8): 10307-10314. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01654.
• Rossi, L., Sharifan, H., Zhang, W., Schwab, P., Ma, X. Mutual effects and in-planta speciation of cerium oxide nanoparticles and cadmium in hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Environmental Science: Nano. 2018, 5: 150-157. DOI: 10.1039/C7EN00931C.
• Cao, Z., Rossi, L., Stowers, C., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X. The impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the physiology of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under different soil moisture conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018, 25(1): 930-939. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0501-5.

2017

• Zhang, W., Dan, Y., Shi, H., Ma, X. Elucidating the mechanisms for plant uptake and in-planta speciation of cerium in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) treated with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2017, 5(1): 572-577. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.12.036.
• Zhang, W., Musante, C., White, J. C., Schwab, P., Wang, Q., Ebbs, S. D., Ma, X. Bioavailability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to Raphanus sativus L. in two soils. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017, 110: 185-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.013.
• Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Schwab, P., Ma, X. Uptake, accumulation and in-planta distribution of co-existing cadmium and cerium oxide nanoparticles in Glycine max (L.) Merr.. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017, 51(21): 12815-12824. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03363.
• Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Ma, X. Cerium oxide nanoparticles alter the salt stress tolerance of Brassica napus L. by modifying of the formation of root apoplastic barriers. Environmental Pollution. 2017, 229: 132-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.083.
• Cao, Z., Stowers, C., Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X. Physiological effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Soybean (Glycine max L.). Environmental Science Nano. 2017, 4: 1086-1094. DOI: 10.1039/C7EN00015D.

2016

• Zhang, W., Dan, Y., Shi, H., Ma, X. Effects of aging on the fate and bioavailability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to radish (Raphanus sativus L.) in soil. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2016, 4(10): 5424-5431. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00724.
• Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X. The impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the salt stress responses of Brassica napus L. Environmental Pollution. 2016, 219: 28-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.060.
• Dan, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, W., Liu, K., Stephan, C., Shi, H. Single particle ICP-MS method development for the determination of plant uptake and accumulation of CeO2 nanoparticles. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016, 408: 5157-5167. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9565-1.

2015

• Zhang, W., Ebbs, S. D., Musante, C., White, J. C., Gao, C., Ma, X. Uptake and accumulation of bulk and nanosized cerium oxide particles and ionic cerium by radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015, 63(2): 382-390. DOI: 10.1021/jf5052442.
• Ma, X., Wang, Q., Rossi, L., Zhang, W. Cerium oxide nanoparticles and bulk cerium oxide lead to different physiological and biochemical adjustments in Brassica rapa. Environmental Science & Technology. 2015, 50(13): 6793-6802. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04111.
• Dan, Y., Zhang, W., Xue, R., Ma, X., Stephan, C., & Shi, H. Characterization of gold nanoparticle uptake by tomato plants using enzymatic extraction followed by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology. 2015, 49(5): 3007-3014. DOI: 10.1021/es506179e.

• Zhang, W. New insights into PFAS bioaccumulation: imaging and spatial analysis in edible radish roots. 2025 AEESP Research & Education Conference. May 20-22, 2025, Durham, N.C.
• Kharel, M. Zhang, W. Assessing PFAS behavior in vegetated soils amended with Class A and Class B biosolids. 2025 AEESP Research & Education Conference. May 20-22, 2025, Durham, N.C.
• Al-Farsi, M. Kharel, M. Zhang, W. PFAS release from biosolids in a soil-biosolids-plant system. UAlbany Showcase 2025. April 30, 2025. Albany, N.Y.
• Tata, S. Kharel, M. Zhang, W. Assessing PFAS contamination in soil due to biosolids land application. UAlbany Showcase 2025. April 30, 2025. Albany, N.Y.
• Zhang, W. Impact of four different surfactants on the uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by red fescue. Northeast Conference on The Science of PFAS: Public Health & The Environment. April 3, 2024. Marlboro, Mass.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Stabilization of PFAS in soil-plants systems using sorbents. 2023 AEESP Research & Education Conference. June 20-23, 2023, Boston, Mass.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Performance of different sorbents toward stabilizing PFAS in sewage sludge/biosolids. ACS Fall 2022. August 21-25, 2022, Chicago, Ill.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Phytoremediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) followed by hydrothermal liquefaction. The Institute of Biological Engineering Annual Conference, April 7-9, 2022, Athens, Ga.
• Zhang, W., Liang, Y. Distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a soil-microbe-soybean system and their effects on functional genes involved in nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification. The Institute of Biological Engineering Annual Conference, April 7-9, 2022, Athens, Ga.
• Zhang, W., Ma, X. Characterizing the physicochemical properties of bulk cerium oxide, cerium oxide nanoparticles and ionic cerium following their uptake by radish (Raphanus sativus L.). 5th Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization Conference, Nov. 10-12, 2016, Orlando, Fla.
• Zhang, W., Ma, X. The effect of aging on the bioavailability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to Raphanus sativus L. 12th International Phytotechnologies Conference, Sept. 27-30, 2015, Manhattan, Kan.
• Zhang, W., Ebbs, S., Ma, X. Uptake and accumulation of bulk and nanosized cerium oxide particles and ionic cerium by radish (Raphanus sativus L.). 10th International Phytotechnologies Conference, Oct. 1-4, 2013, Syracuse, N.Y.
• Zhang, W., Ma, X. Uptake and accumulation of cerium oxide nanoparticles by radish in hydroponic systems. 18th Mid-American Environmental Engineering Conference, Sept. 21, 2013, St. Louis, Mo.
• Zhang, W., Chevalier, L. R., DeVantier, B. A. Modeling total suspended solids in combined sewer systems. 17th Mid-American Environmental Engineering Conference. Oct. 20, 2012, Edwardsville, Ill.

• Zhang, W. PFAS in soils amended with biosolids: risk assessment and remediation approaches. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Professional Engineering Continuing Education (PE CE) Seminar. June 2, 2025.
• Zhang, W. Risk assessment and sustainable remediation strategies for soil receiving PFAS-laden biosolids. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso. Nov. 15, 2024.
• Zhang, W. Advancing leaders through innovation. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation AANHPI Lunch and Learn. May 31, 2024.
• Zhang, W. Stabilization of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sewage sludge and biosolids. Eastern New York Chapter, Air & Waste Management Association. Sept. 14, 2022.
• Zhang, W. Occurrence and treatment of PFAS in the environment and engineered systems. Eastern New York Chapter, Air & Waste Management Association. Jan. 19, 2022.
• Zhang, W. Occurrence, fate, and treatment of PFAS in the environment and engineered systems. Center for Research in Energy and Environment, Missouri University of Science and Technology. April 20, 2021. Rolla, Mo.