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Overview

The New York State Center for Information Forensics and Assurance (CIFA) is a partnership of the University at Albany, SUNY, New York State Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination, and the New York State Police. It's mission is research and education to better enable practitioners to address real problems in information forensics and assurance, especially in the area of public protection. Specifically, CIFA:

Targets the public sector workforce in an effort to build knowledge resources and practical skills within state and local government.

Develops and deploys courseware for academic and professional education programs in related disciplines.

Provides a home for multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners developing workable approaches to emerging information forensics and assurance issues and effective methods to facilitate learning and dissemination of these approaches.

CIFA's operations emulate that of a teaching hospital where educational cases based on real problems provide learning opportunities for students and practitioners to hone their skills under the guidance of seasoned experts. In addition, problems for which there are no known solutions will be the subject of research (problem-based learning), which takes place in the Educational Research and Learning Laboratory. As problems are solved, they will be developed into new cases as the basis for future student learning experiences.

In its first year of operation CIFA:

Received grants of almost $1 million from the National Science Foundation, the US Department of Justice, and the US Department of Education to create the curricular materials and infrastructure needed to begin operations.

Gained certification by the National Security Agency's Committee on National Security Systems under the Training Standards for Information Systems Security Professionals and Senior Systems Managers.

Developed course materials and one-credit course modules in Security Fundaments, Incident Handling, Computer Forensics, Security Risk Assessment, and Security Policies. These will be made available as distance learning modules through CIFA's partnership with the Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS) at Purdue University.

Developed a partnership with other institutions of higher education to address information forensics and assurance educational issues regionally.

Designed and initiated construction of its Collaborative Research and Educational Research and Learning Laboratories.

Definitions

Information Assurance

Protection and defense of information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation, and providing for their restoration by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities.

Information Forensics

The collection of digital evidence that remains after an event or attack and its appropriate handling to secure the chain of evidence in an investigation.

Information Systems Security

Protection and defense of information systems against unauthorized access to or modification of information whether in storage, processing or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats.

Leadership

George Berg, Co-Director
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science
Library 67c
442-4267
berg@cs.albany.edu

Jagdish Gangolly, Co-Director
Associate Professor
Department of Accounting and Law
Business Administration 333
442-4949
JGangolly@uamail.albany.edu

Rationale

Information technologies offer great promise for government administration and rapid communication, but they also present opportunities for crime, violations of privacy, and failures of information accessibility and accuracy. In an increasingly digitized society the educational and governmental institutions have an interest and obligation to inform, train, and educate students, public employees, and citizens in information privacy, security, assets, and infrastructure protection. To address this need, the University at Albany, State University of New York, and the State of New York, Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination and State Police, have in partnership created the New York State Center for Information Forensics and Assurance (CIFA).

Organization

The Center for Information Forensics and Assurance is located within the University at Albany Institute for Informatics, Logics, and Security Studies. Interim Co-Directors George Berg and Jagdish Gangolly are advised by a Management Team that includes:

Peter Bloniarz, Associate Provost for Informatics and
Dean, School of Information Science and Policy

Robert Bangert Drowns, Associate Dean, School of Education and
Associate Professor, Department of Educational Theory and Practice

Vincent Delio, Outreach Coordinator, Office of the Vice President for Outreach

Laura Iwan, State Information Security Officer, New York State Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination

Tom Hurbanek, Computer Crimes Unit, New York State Police

See the CIFA organization chart for more information.

A Teaching Hospital for Information Forensics and Assurance

CIFA's operation will emulate that of a teaching hospital where educational cases based on real problems provide learning opportunities for students and practitioners to hone their skills under the guidance of seasoned experts. In Figure 1 this is referred to as case-based learning, which takes place in the Educational Research and Learning Laboratory. The knowledge gained can be applied to real problems using case-based reasoning. In addition, problems for which there are no known solutions will be the subject of research (problem-based learning), which takes place in the Collaborative Research Laboratory. As problems are solved, they will be developed into new cases as the basis for future student learning experiences. More details about the Educational Research and Learning Laboratory and Collaborative Research Laboratory are given below.

The Educational Research and Learning Laboratory ES B-19

Curriculum Development

The courseware developed by the Center and its partners will create the basis for certificate programs and ultimately a major course of study in information forensics and assurance. The following modules have been developed: Security Fundamentals, Risk Assessment, Incident Response, Security Policies, and Computer Forensics.

Distance Learning

Courses initially developed for classroom use will be adapted for distance learning in our partnership with the Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS) at Purdue University.

Hands-on Educational Research and Learning Laboratory

A dedicated information security classroom where students and employee participants from the public and private sectors can receive instruction, engage in learning exercises, and develop and test new courseware.

The Center seeks to establish best methods for integrating authentic cases in course modules and using them to foster effective educational delivery models for adult learners. The researchers also study collaborative processes to improve problem solving and the development and delivery of “just in time” education.

The Collaborative Research Laboratory, SS 259-D

A dedicated facility where multidisciplinary researchers, practitioners, and students can collaborate to investigate and demonstrate real world problems related to information security and computer forensics. The solutions and best practices developed in the lab will become the basis for educational modules.

Grants Received

The Information Security Academy: A Partnership Model for Building Public Sector Capacity

U.S. Dept. of Education Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education

$485,883; 9/1/02 – 8/31/05; curriculum development and delivery

Information Security Education in the Public Sector

National Science Foundation

$200,000; 7/1/02-6/30/04; capacity building

The Cyber Security Laboratories

Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination
(U.S. Dept. of Justice Byrne Grant)

$375,000; 1/15/04-5/31/05; equipment

These funds have supported the outfitting of the Educational Research and Learning Laboratory and Collaborative Research Laboratory.

Grant Applications Submitted

A Unified Epidemiological ImmunoComplexity-Based Approach to Information Assurance

DARPA, Information Processing Technology Office, Self-Regenerative Systems

~$1.1 M

Self-Assembling Models for Dynamic Complex Systems

NSF, Information Technology Research for National Priorities (ITR)

~$1.5 M

Models and Metrics for Resilient Networks

Research in Networking Technology and Systems (NeTS): NSF 04-540

~$0.8 M

Information Security Risk Modeling using Complexity Metrics

Cyber Trust: NSF 04-524

~$0.5 M

Self-Assembling Models for Dynamic Complex Systems

Information Technology Research for National Priorities (ITR): NSF 04-012

~$1.5 M

Improving Organizational Survivability by Suppression of Dynamic Triggers

Human and Social Dynamics (HSD): NSF 03-552

~$1.5 M

A Unified Epidemiological ImmunoComplexity-Based Approach to Information Assurance

DARPA, Information Processing Technology Office, Self-Regenerative Systems

~$1.1 M

Information Security Risk Analysis

Cyber Security Research and Development: HSARPA BAA04-17

White Paper

Abstract Framework for RNAi and Computer Security

Frontiers in Integrative Biological Research (FIBR): NSF 04-596

Preliminary Proposal

CT-T: Model for Improving Information Security Risk Analysis with Innovative Techniques for Data Collection, Aggregation, and Analysis

Cyber Trust (CT): NSF 05-518

~$0.9 M

CT-ISG: Metrics for Characterizing Security Policies and a Framework for Evaluating their Organizational Impact

Cyber Trust (CT): NSF 05-518

~$0.4 M

SST: Nanotechnology Enabled Intelligent Sensor Systems for Emission Control of Jet Engines; GOALI

Nanoscale Science and Engineering (NSE): NSF 04-043

~$0.8 M

Course Offerings

Fall 2004

Information Security Policies and Compliance Verification

Information Security Risk Analysis

Spring 2004

Risk Analysis INF 766

Incident Handling INF 766

Computer Security CSI 424/524

Network Forensics: “Best Practices” Seminar, June 10, 2004

Summer 2005

Security Fundamentals

Security Assessment

Security Policies

Information Forensics

Incident Handling

Projects & Initiatives

National Training Standard for Information Systems Security (INFOSEC) Professionals (NSTISSI No. 4011)

Received February 2004

Certification Committee feedback: "Their submission was extremely well documented in all respects. They have a robust, impressive, IA curriculum that spans several academic disciplines."

National Information Assurance Training Standard for Senior Systems Managers (CNSSI-4012)

Received September 2004

Certification Committee feedback: "… the Information Assurance Courseware Evaluation (IACE) Review Committee has validated the mapping at 100% for the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) National Standard(s) 4012."

Additional certifications sought

Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education Designation by the National Security Agency

International Information Systems Security Certifications Consortium Certification ((ISC)²)

Academic programs under development

Information Assurance Graduate Certificate Program

Information Assurance Master's Degree Program

Capital Region Cybercrime Partnership

… is bringing together key stakeholders to improve Cybercrime investigation and prosecution through educational initiatives.

Digital Evidence

… in conjunction with the Northeast Regional Forensic Institute, this will enhance the development of digital evidence as a forensic discipline.

Conference Presentations

Goel, S. (2004). Network Security Inspired by Biological Regulatory Networks. SFI Workshop on Adaptive and Resilient Computing Security (ARCS), November 3-4 2004, Sante Fe Institute, Sante Fe, NM.

Gangolly, J. (2004). On Formal Modeling of Accounting Information Systems. Opening keynote address at the International Conference in Digital Accounting Research, University of Huelva (Spain), October 15, 2004

Goel, S. (September 2004). Cyber Threats! Live Demonstrations. Sixteenth Annual Government Technology Conference (GTC East 2004), Security Boot Camp, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY.

Payne, G., Trapp, R., & Goel, S. (2004). Performing a Cyber Security Risk Assessment: Why? When? and How? National Webcast Initiative. Retrieved on January 5, 2005 from http://www.cscic.state.ny.us/msisac/webcasts/8_04/8_26.htm.

Goel, S. (2004). Information Systems Vulnerability and Protection. SUNY Technology Conference, June 2004, Hudson Valley, NY.

Goel, S. (2004). Cyber Attack! Threats and Vulnerabilities. New York State Cyber Security Conference, April 21-22 2004, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY.

Goel, S. (2003). Immune/Epidemiology Models for Security. New York State Cyber Security Symposium, February 24-25 2003, Utica, NY.

Goel, S. (2003). Kolmogorov Complexity Estimates for Detection of Viruses in Biologically Inspired Security Systems. SFI Workshop on Adaptive and Resilient Computing Security, November 5-6 2003, Sante Fe Institute, Sante Fe, NM.

Berg, G. (2004). A Teaching Hospital Approach to Identifying Risks, Research Problems and Teaching Materials in Information Security. Third National Conference on Mathematics and Security of Information Technologies, October 29, 2004, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Conference Presentations - Scheduled

Rosenkrantz, D., Goel, S., Ravi, S., and Gangolly, J. (2005). Structure-Based Resilience Metrics for Service-Oriented Networks, Fifth European Dependable Computing Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 20-22 April 2005. Forthcoming in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Verlag 2005.

Goel, S. & Chen, V. (2005). Information Security Risk Analysis - A Matrix-Based Approach. Accepted for publication May 2005 in the Proceedings of the Information Resource Management Association (IRMA) International Conference, San Diego, CA.

Goel, S., & Pon, D. (2005). An Innovative Model for Information Assurance Curriculum: A Teaching Hospital. Accepted for publication May 2005 in the Proceedings of the Information Resource Management Association (IRMA) International Conference, San Diego, CA.

Rosenkrantz, D., Goel, S., Ravi, S.S., & Gangolly, J. (2005). Structure-Based Resilience Metrics for Service-Oriented Networks. Accepted for publication April 20-22 2005 in the Proceedings of the 5th European Dependable Computing Conference, Budapest, Hungary.

Baykal, A., Goel, S., & Pon, D. (2005). Botnets: the Anatomy of a Case. Accepted for publication March 2005 in the Proceedings of the 4th Annual Security Conference, Las Vegas, NV.

Goel, S. (2005). Poster Session: "Distance Delivery of Security Curriculum for Public Sector", 6th Annual Security Symposium: Security in Motion, March 23-24, 2005, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Bloniarz, P. & Goel, S. (2005). Panel Speaker (title to be determined), 6th Annual Security Symposium: Security in Motion, March 23-24, 2005, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Partners

NYS Police, Forensic Investigation Center, Computer Crime Unit

NYS Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination

Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS), Purdue University

Participants in CIFA's regional educational partnership meetings:

Adirondack Community College

College of St. Rose

Dutchess Community College

Hudson Valley Community College

Marist College

Sage College

Siena College

Skidmore College

SUNY Cobleskill

SUNY New Paltz

Past Collaborations

Information Forensics and Assurance is an inter-disciplinary area of study, and it is expected that more such fruitful collaborations will blossom under the umbrella of CIFA. There is a long history of collaborations in research between CIFA affiliates. While most collaborations in the past have been within the disciplines (for example primarily between Computer Scientists, such as Bloniarz-Rosenkrantz, Ravi-Rosenkrantz, Narendran-Rosenkrantz, Ravi-Rosenkrantz, Narendran-Chaiken, Chaiken-Murray), since the 1980s, cross-disciplinary collaborations have developed in teams spannin g colleges within the university. Examples of such collaborations includethose between Ravi and Rosenkrantz (Computer Science) and Tayi (Management Science & Information Systems, School of Business), and those between Ravi and Rosenkrantz (Computer Science), Sanjay Goel (Management Science & Information Systems, School of Business) and Gangolly (Accounting & Law, School of Business). The list below provides a partial list of publications where at least two CIFA affiliates are authors.

Publications authored by two or moreCIFA affiliates

Barrett, C. L., Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Stearns, R. E., "Analysis Problems for Sequential Dynamical Systems and Communicating State Machines", Proc. 26th Intl. Symp. On Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2001), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2136, Springer-Verlag, Edited by J. Sgall, A. Pultr and P. Kolman, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic, Aug. 2001, pp. 159-172.

Barrett, C., Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., Stearns, R. E., and Tosic, P., "Garden of Eden and Fixed Point Configurations in Sequential Dynamical Systems," Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Special issue - Proc. Intl. Conf. on Discrete Models: Combinatorics, Computation and Geometry (DM-CCG 2001), Paris, France, July 2001, 95-110.

Barrett, C., Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Stearns, R. E., "Reachability Problems for Sequential Dynamical Systems with Threshold Functions", Theoretical Computer Science, 295, 1- 3, Feb. 2003, 41-64.

Chaiken, S., N.V. Murray and E. Rosenthal. ``An Application of P4-Free Graphs in Theorem Proving.'' In Combinatorial Mathematics: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, New York, June 1985. In Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 555. New York, 1989, 106-121.

Chakravarty, S., H. B. Hunt III, S. S. Ravi and D. J. Rosenkrantz, The Complexity of Test Generation for PLAs and Monotone Combinationali Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 38, No. 6, June 1989, pp. 865-869.

Chakravarty, S., Hunt, H. B. III, Ravi, S. S., and Rosenkrantz, D. J., "On the Complexity of Generating Minimum Test Sets for PLAs and Monotone Combinational Circuits," IEEE Trans. Computers, 38, 6, June 1989, 865- 869.

Chundi, P., Narasimhan, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Active Client Primary-Backup Protocols (Brief Announcement)," Presented at the 1995 Pacific Rim International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Systems (PRFTS'95), Newport Beach, CA, Dec. 1995, 172-177.

Chundi, P., Narasimhan, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Using Active Clients to Minimize Replication in Primary-Backup Protocols," Proc. Fifteenth Annual IEEE International Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications (IPCCC'96), Phoenix, AZ, March 1996, 96-102.

Chundi, P., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Deferred Updates and Data Placement in Distributed Databases," Proc. Twelfth International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE'96), New Orleans, LA, Feb. 1996, 469-476.

Chundi, P., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Multi-Site Distributed Database Transactions Utilizing Deferred Update," Proc. 1997 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC'97), San Jose, CA, Feb.-March 1997, 118-122.

Gangolly, J. and G. Tayi. An Optimization Model for Data Validation in Audit Sampling, Modelling & Simulation: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Pittsburgh Conference vol. 16, part 5, 1985. Pp.1733-5.

Gangolly, J., D. Kapur, D.J. Rosenkrantz and H. Zhang. "Sufficient Completeness, Ground-Reducibility and Their Complexity," Acta Informatica 28 (1991) 311-350.

Gangolly, J., H. B. Hunt, III and D. J. Rosenkrantz. "On the Computational Complexity of Algebra on Lattices," SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 16, no. 1 (February 1987), pp. 129-148.

Gangolly, J., H. B. Hunt, III and D. J. Rosenkrantz. J. "Algebraic Structures with Hard Equivalence and Minimization Problems," Assoc. Comput. Mach., vol. 31, no. 4 (October 1984), pp. 879-904.

Gangolly, J., H.B. Hunt, III and D.J. Rosenkrantz. "On the Complexity of Algebra on Lattices (Extended Abstract)," Seventeenth Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, Maryland, March 1983, pp. 328 - 333.

Gangolly, J., J.C. Hidalgo and S.D. Chaiken. "Computation of Signal Delays in RC Networks," (with) presented at the Fifth NASA Symposium on VLSI Design, Albuquerque, NM, Nov. 1993.

Gangolly, J., S. S. Ravi. "An W(n log n) Lower Bound for Decomposing a Set of Points into Chains," Information Processing Letters, vol. 31, no. 6 (June, 1989), pp. 319-322.

Gangolly, J., S.S. Ravi, D.J. Rosenkrantz, and G. Tayi. Temporal Reconstruction of Authoritative Text in Legal, Accounting, and Regulatory Domains Designing the Digital Government of the 21st Century: A Multidisciplinary Workshop, NSF/Center Center for Technology in Government (Background Papers), October 1998.

Goel, S and J. Gangolly. Model For Trust Among Peers in Electronic Multiparty Transactions, 2003 AMCIS Conference.

Goel, S., Belardo, S., and Iwan, L. "A Resilient Network that Can Operate Under Duress: To Support Communication between Government Agencies during Crisis Situations", Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, 2004.

Goel, S., Gangolly J., Ravi, S.S., and Rosenkrantz, D. "Models of Services in a Peer-to-Peer Environment", Working Paper, 2004.

Gu, D. C., D. J. Rosenkrantz and S. S. Ravi, Construction of Check Sets for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 43, No. 6, June 1994, pp. 641-650.

Gu, D., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Construction and Analysis of Fault-Secure Multiprocessor Schedules," Proc. Twenty-First Intl. Symp. On Fault-Tolerant Computing, Montreal, Canada, June 1991, 120-127.

Gu, D., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Construction of Check Sets for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance," IEEE Trans. Computers, 43, 6, June 1994, 641-650.

Gu, D., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Design and Analysis of Test Schemes for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance," Proc. Twentieth Intl. Symp. On Fault-Tolerant Computing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K., June 1990, 106-113.

Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Radhakrishnan, V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Stearns, R. E., "A Unified Approach to Approximation Schemes for NP- and PSPACE-Hard Problems for Geometric Graphs," Proc. Second Annual European Symp. on Algorithms (ESA '94), J. Van Leeuwen (Ed.), Utrecht, The Netherlands, Sept. 1994, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 855, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995, 424-435.

Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Radhakrishnan, V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Stearns, R. E., "NC-Approximation Schemes for NP- and PSPACE- Hard Problems for Geometric Graphs," Journal of Algorithms, 26, 2, Feb. 1998, 238-274.

Hunt, H. B. III, Marathe, M. V., Radhakrishnan, V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Stearns, R. E., "Parallel Approximation Schemes for a Class of Planar and Near Planar Combinatorial Optimization Problems," Information and Computation, 173, 1, Feb. 2002, 40-63.

Hunt, H. B. III, Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Bloniarz, P. A., "On the Computational Complexity of Algebra on Lattices 1," SIAM J. Computing, 16, 1, Feb. 1987, 129-148.

Kapur, D., Narendran, P., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Zhang, H., "Sufficient- Completeness, Ground-Reducibility and Their Complexity," Acta Informatica, 28, 4, April 1991, 311-350.

Krumke, S. O., Marathe, M. V., Noltemeier, H., Radhakrishnan, V., Ravi, S. S., and Rosenkrantz, D. J., "Compact Location Problems," Theoretical Computer Science, 181, 2, July 1997, 379-404.

Marathe, M. V., Brue, H., Hunt, H. B. III, Ravi, S. S., and Rosenkrantz, D. J., "Simple Heuristics for Unit Disk Graphs," Networks, 25, 2, March 1995, 59-68.

Marathe, M. V., R. Ravi, R. Sundaram, S. S. Ravi, D. J. Rosenkrantz and H. B. Hunt III, Bicriteria Network Design Problems, Journal of Algorithms, Vol. 28, No. 1, July 1998, pp. 142-171.

Marathe, M. V., Ravi, R., Sundaram, R., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Hunt, H. B. III, "Bicriteria Network Design Problems," Proc. Twenty- Second Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP)

Marathe, M. V., Ravi, R., Sundaram, R., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Hunt, H. B. III, "Bicriteria Network Design Problems," Journal of Algorithms, 28, 1, July 1998, 142-171.

Narasimhan, R., D. J. Rosenkrantz and S. S. Ravi, Using Data Flow Information to Obtain Efficient Check Sets for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance, International Journal of Parallel Programming, Vol. 27, No. 4, Aug. 1999, pp. 289-323.

Narasimhan, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "A Canonical Computational Model for ABFT Systems," Proc. SPIE Symp. on Advanced Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations V, San Diego, CA, July 1994.

Narasimhan, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Early Comparison and Decision Strategies for Datapaths that Recover from Transient Faults," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems - Part I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 44, 5, May 1997, 435-438.

Narasimhan, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Using Data Flow Information to Obtain Efficient Check Sets for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance," Intl. J. Parallel Programming, 27, 4, Aug. 1999, 289-323.

Radhakrishnan, V., Krumke, S. O., Marathe, M. V., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Compact Location Problems," Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Proc. Thirteenth Conf. (FST&TCS '93), R. K. Shyamasundar (Ed.), Bombay, India, Dec. 1993, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 761, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993, 238-247.

Ravi, R., M. V. Marathe, S. S. Ravi, D. J. Rosenkrantz and H. B. Hunt III, Approximation Algorithms for Degree-Constrained Minimum-Cost Network-Design Problems, Algorithmica, Vol. 31, No. 1, May 2001, pp. 58-78.

Ravi, R., Marathe, M. V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Hunt, H. B. III, "Many Birds With One Stone: Multi-Objective Approximation Algorithms," Proc. Twenty-Fifth Annual ACM Symp. on the Theory of Computing (STOC '93), San Diego, CA, May 1993, 438-447.

Ravi, R., Marathe, M. V., Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Hunt, H. B. III, "Approximation Algorithms for Degree-Constrained Minimum-Cost Network-Design Problems", Algorithmica, 31, 1, May 2001, 58-78.

Ravi, R., R. Sundaram, M. V. Marathe, D. J. Rosenkrantz and S. S. Ravi, Spanning Trees Short or Small, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 9, No. 2, May 1996, pp. 178-200.

Ravi, R., Sundaram, R. Marathe, M. V., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Spanning Trees Short or Small," Proc. Fifth Annual ACM-SIAM Symp. On Discrete Algorithms (SODA '94), Arlington, VA, Jan. 1994, 546-555.

Ravi, R., Sundaram, R. Marathe, M. V., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Spanning Trees - Short or Small," SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 9, 2, May 1996, 178-200.

Ravi, S. S., D. J. Rosenkrantz and G. K. Tayi, Heuristic and Special Case Algorithms for Dispersion Problems, Operations Research, Vol. 42, No. 2, March-April 1994, pp. 299-310.

Ravi, S. S., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Tayi, G. K., "Facility Dispersion Problems: Heuristics and Special Cases," in Algorithms and Data Structures, Proc. 2nd Workshop, WADS '91, F. Dehne, J.-R. Sack, N. Santoro (Eds.), Ottawa, Canada, Aug. 1991, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 519, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991, 355-366.

Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Improved Bounds for Algorithm- Based Fault Tolerance," IEEE Trans. Computers, 42, 5, May 1993, 630- 635.

Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi., S. S., "Improved Upper Bounds for Algorithm- Based Fault-Tolerance (Extended Abstract)," Proc. Twenty-Sixth Annual Allerton Conf. On Comunication, Control, and Computing, Sept. 1988, 388-397.

Rosenkrantz, D. J., Gu, D., and Ravi, S. S., "Fault Tolerance Via Output- Guaranteed Schedules," Proc. Second IASTED Intl. Conf. on Reliability, Quality Control and Risk Assessment, Cambridge, MA, Oct. 1993, 121- 124.

Rosenkrantz, D. J., Tayi, G. K., and Ravi, S. S., "Inspection Problems Arising in the Transportation of Hazardous Materials," Proc. Eighth International Conference on Computing and Information (ICCI'96), June 1996, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 155-169.

Rosenkrantz, D. J., Yu, L., and Ravi, S. S., "Efficient Construction of Minimum Makespan Schedules for Tasks with a Fixed Number of Distinct Execution Times", Algorithmica, 30, 1, Jan. 2001, 83-100.

Shamsunder, R., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Exploiting Data Flow Information in Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance," Proc. Twenty-Third Annual Intl. Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS '93), Toulouse, France, June 1993, 280-289.

Shukla, S. K., Hunt, H, B. III, Rosenkrantz, D. J., Ravi, S. S., and Stearns, R. E., "I/O Automata Based Verification of Finite State Distributed Systems: Complexity Issues (Brief Announcement)," Proc. Fifteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC '96), Philadelphia, PA, May 1996, 122.

Shukla, S. K., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Developing Self- Stabilizing Coloring Algorithms via Systematic Randomization," Proc. First Intl. Workshop on Parallel Processing (IWPP '94), Bangalore, India, Dec. 1994, 668-673.

Shukla, S. K., Rosenkrantz, D. J., and Ravi, S. S., "Observations on Self- Stabilizing Graph Algorithms for Anonymous Networks," Proc. Second Workshop on Self-Stabilizing Systems (WSS '95), Las Vegas, NV, May 1995, 7.1-7.15.

Tam, K., S. Goel, and J. Gangolly. On the design of an XML-Schema based application for business reporting: An XBRL Schema Derivative, International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, (2002).

Tam, K., S. Goel, and J. Gangolly. On the design of an XML-Schema based application for business reporting: An XBRL Schema Derivative, Research Symposium of the Artificial Intelligence/Emerging Technologies Section of the American Accounting Association, August, 2001.

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