tolerance9999GELLMU: Introductory Survey<abbr
>GELL<hy0
/>MU</abbr><brk
/> Introductory SurveyA Bridge for Authors from to XMLWilliam F. HammondLast updated: RecentMathML Demos of
href="http:www.albany.eduhammonddemosnyj"past articles from
The New York Journal of Mathematics made with GELLMU
(15 Oct. 2006: These were rebuilt on 27 Apr. 2011 to add
an HTML output with MathML output using
href="http:www.mathjax.org"MathJax)News: As of March, 2011 the current versions of the
big four web browsers all support HTML with MathJaxhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmutarball.html"Download (v. 0.8.4.1, 6 July 2007) Since the version 0.8.0.5 release in October 2004,
regular GELLMU has provided a reliable dual presentation route
for math articles written in like source language to (a) print
output and (b) online display in
XHTML extended by href="http:www.w3.orgMath"Mathematical
Markup Language (MathML)(14 Oct 2010) Video, slides, and the writeup for my talk
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondpresentationsTug2010"
Profiles as Objects in the Category of Markup Languages on June 29,
2010 at the href="http:www.tug.orgtug2010"32nd annual meeting of
TUG in San Francisco(14 Oct 2009) href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmugslidy.tgz"Bleeding edge materials for making
XHTMLMathML slides (rather than using PDF made with, say,
Beamer), using W3Cs slidy, with an addon to the didactic
production system (Sorry, no docs for this yet See the example
for TUG 2007, linked below.)
(30 May 2009) For those who lack a localplatform HTMLXHTML validation
setup, the small package href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmugvalidhtml0.9.tgz"gvalidhtml
should suffice (Simply open the tarball in usrlocalshare
and make a symbolic link from the name validhtml somewhere in
your command path to the script named gvalidhtml in the
untarred directory.)
(22 Jul 2007) Video, slides, and premeeting notes from my talk
href="http:math.albany.edumathpershammondPresenTug2007"Dual Presentation with Math
from one Source on July 19, 2007 at
href="http:www.tug.orgtug2007"TUG 2007
in San DiegoLatest online version of the
Introductory Users Guide to Regular GELLMU:
Latest online version of the GELLMU Manual:
Authorlevel href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuxmlaxgellmu.dtd"XML document type
definition for the markup used in Regular GELLMU
Its the side entrance in the
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuglmanglman.htmlflow"Regular GELLMU Flow ChartgcompsmUnderstand the system by href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuexamples"studying examplesThe latest fully tested version of the syntactic translatorhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmugellmu.el"gellmu.el, which is all that is
required for basic GELLMUIntroductionGeneralized Extensible Like Markup (GELLMU)
is my concept for using like markup to create documents
in an easy plain text format that may be faithfully converted to
highpowered documents marked up under SGML is the
classical typesetting markup language (with robust handling of
mathematics) that was created by Donald E. Knuth of Stanford
University around 1980 The document preparation
system was created shortly thereafter by Leslie Lamport of
Digital Equipment Corporation is a simplified markup interface
to designed to let the user concentrate on the structure of
the text rather than on typesetting SGML, an abbreviation for
Standard Generalized Markup Language (ISO 8879:1986), is the
name of a family of markup languages, unspecified in number, designed
for efficient automatic text processing with shared tools of a certain
typeDuring the period 19931998 the most familiar example of a markup
language in the SGML family was Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML), the now familiar language of the href="http:www.w3.org"World Wide Web
HTML is a rather
lowpowered member of the SGML family The notion of power
for a language under the umbrella of SGML has to do with the number of
available translations to other document languages, both within and
without SGMLOne of the ideas in my design for GELLMU is that with existing stable
freely available SGML tools one may go to almost any presentation
format For the community of mathematicians and scientists, who have
become accustomed to using to create finely typeset documents for
printing, this design provides a way automatically to create other
carefully crafted forms from a single source document without
overburdening Donald Knuths program For typeset printed presentation, SGMLbased processing to the
language should be optimal, while SGMLbased processing to
Lamport (v.2) is used in didactic examples found below (See
also jadetex at The Comprehensive Archive Network
(CTAN);
brief comment on jade may be found below.)
Most of the magic is due to Charles Goldfarb, the inventor
of SGML, James Clark, the author of nsgmls, and David
Megginson, the author of sgmlspl The GELLMU to
SGML transliterator that I am still writing could have been
done in many languages, but ELISP, the language of GNU Emacs, probably
the bestdocumented of all languages, and probably also the most
easytodebug general purpose language, seemed to be just right for
this Beyond that I am grateful to Richard Stallman for encouragement
and answers Of course, when things do not work, the problems should
in no way be attributed even in part to the antecedent workFirst DemonstrationsFor a quick look, intended for those who know , there is
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.html"A Silly Little GELLMU Article of
about three printed pages Alongside the HTML form of this article are
other versions:
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.glm"the original GELLMU source markuphref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.sgml"its syntactic translation to an
SGML document, involving only minimal knowledge of the document
typehref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.xml"its translation to an XML dialect,
that is essentially equivalent to the sourcehref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.ltx" source that was generated
from the XML versionhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.dvi"DVI made from the
versionhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.pdf"PDF made with pdflatexhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglsilly.xhtml"XHTMLMathML
And yes, of course, both HTML versions were generated from the XML
versionCan ContentLevel MathML be a
Derived Format?Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a language under
development by the href="http:www.w3.org"World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) for (1) the display of mathematics in
ordinary web pages and (2) automated interchange of mathematical
segments among webcompatible software applicationsCorresponding to (1) and (2) above the W3C has provided
presentation and contentlevel versions of MathMLWhile MathML, which is an XML language (formally
application), is verbose to a point that makes its writing
by human authors almost impossible, the W3C project has not
undertaken to provide a language suitable for authors Moreover, one
cannot robustly translate wellstructured standard or
math segments into MathML without the discipline of rules
that are difficult both to formulate and to enforceThe concept of generalized in the GELLMU Project
provides such disciplineThe version of Regular (see
Href="reggellmu"reggellmu) GELLMU in the
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmutarball.html"tarball, has, since August 2004,
provided translation of generalized source markup under
the article document type to HTML with presentationlevel
MathML as well as translation to ordinary The key question in designing a system sufficient for generation of
mathematics under an umbrella like contentlevel MathML either
using highly specialized or using an SGML or XML language for
authors is how far authors will be willing to diverge from past habitsThe href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuauthordtd"Math Benchmark Document offers an
example of various mathematical segments that one might want to have
automatically translated to a language with relative semantics such as
contentlevel MathMLThere is something of an explanation (now in href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmunotation"early draft stage), familiar to many research
mathematicians but perhaps not to so many computer scientists, of
why most legacy markup of mathematics is not
ambiguous for robots when augmented by adequate type
information Legacy practice has been to include type
information in paper documents as part of an articles descriptive
text In a few words, mathematicians are usually careful and fussy
about notation GELLMU will eventually provide for
declared symbols and optional associated alphanumeric
type information Ultimately there should emerge a public
formal object, the mathematical expression
(mathexpr) that is something like the regular
expression (regexp) that is familiar to users of ed,
ELISP, Perl, etc One will want a separate, probably
simpler syntax for the specification of the type of a
mathexprMy philosophy, and I think the only realistic philosophy, is that such
types for mathexprs should involve relative, rather than
absolute, semanticsOne of the most basic types is categorical morphism, which
is a generalization of a calculus students notion of
function; for much that is of interest to many, the notion
of function will suffice, provided that each function symbol is
understood to imply domain and target with
target not always the same as image or
range Regardless, users may conceptualize
morphisms as functionsBrief IntroductionsTo summarize there are two concepts in this projectBasic GELLMUThis may be useful for some authors familiar with who wish to
write directly for an SGML or XML document type It provides
rudimentary like commands with single argument syntax
SGML attribute strings may be entered using a single like
optionIt also offers a like metacommand newcommand,
which provides for macros with arguments See href="hammondgellmughtml.html"Using
the GELLMU Syntactic Translator to Write HTML For example, the previous anchor
would be marked up in HTML as
a href="hammondgellmughtml.html"Using ... kbdHTMLkbda,
and this is marked up somewhat more succinctly in GELLMU source as
ahref="hammondgellmughtml.html"Using ... kbdHTML
.
With the newcommand definition for hrefnewcommandhref[2]a[href="1"]2
the even more succinct markup
hrefhammondgellmughtml.htmlUsing ... kbdHTML
sufficesAdvanced GELLMUThis goes beyond basic like command argument syntax to provide
like multiple argument option syntax and also what might be
called like grammar including beginend
and, if desired, blank lines to initiate paragraphsWhen desired, advanced GELLMU has knowledge of a few command names,
but the author must know the SGML or XML document typeRegular GELLMU: The Didactic
Production SystemThe didactic production system is a beginning at emulating
with an XML document type In fact, can be modeled more
precisely with SGML than with XMLThe didactic production system consists of
There is validation of each stage of output Indeed, validation of
the GELLMU Syntactic Translators SGML output is very useful for catching author errors
To assist with this there is line number alignment between the source
and GELLMU Syntactic Translator output
If necessaryBut only in very exceptional situations one may
intervene at any stage of the processing since the output of each
stage is quite readable by humansThe two document types are parallel; the XML version is intended to be
the nearest XML approximation of the SGML version The SGML version
should be regarded as inhouse, while the XML version is
suitable for export (Usable, though not identical, source may be recovered
from the XML document type.)The document types have been designed for translation to many output
formats I have the intention ultimately to write or find others to
write translators from the XML document type to other formatsFinally the article document type may have value as a layout
vehicle that is useful as an intermediate formatting stage for
structurerich document types such as DocBook and TEI,
and I would encourage those who might be so inclined to think about
writing translators from such document types to GELLMU articleThe href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.xhtml"Brief Introduction to Regular
GELLMU (in XHTMLMathML) is itself a
GELLMU document It deals mainly with the language Various
other versions are also available here:
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.glm"the input sourcehref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.sgml"the syntactic translation
to SGMLhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.xml"the translation to XMLhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.html"translation to classical HTMLhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.ltx"the versionhref="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.dvi"DVI made from the href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigliglm.pdf"portrait PDF made from
the Other Production SystemsAn author may use advanced GELLMU as a front end to many other
SGML or XML production systems with appropriate setting of variables
for the GELLMU Syntactic TranslatorMaterialsAll that one should need to get started is in the
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmutarball.html"current tarball One should
look at the iref="userdoc"user guide,
the iref="manual"manual, both listed as Quick Anchors above,
and the href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuexamples"examples Note that the driver
scripts found in the bin directory of the unpacked tarball may
need editing for location namesNote also that the tarball may be installed in a Windows system
equipped with Cygwin, enhanced by a sufficient array of
Cygwinprovided packages, using the Linux driver scriptsIn principle, it should also work on MacOS X, but I have no reports,
and I have no idea what might be required to port it to earlier
versions of MacOSAlthough the project was begun begun in June 1998, its alpha release
was in July, 2001 It will not be considered to have reached beta
stage until I have more knowledge about use experience of othersSome older odds and ends may be found on the GELLMU
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuveterans.html"veterans page, and the very old
page for href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuiglgellmum.html"early preview of
materials is still availableRelevant Public Discussion and CommentMy annotations allude, though not entirely precisely, to the article
href="http:www.redhat.comknowledgebaseotherwhitepaperswhitepapercathedral.html"The Cathedral and the Bazaar by Eric Raymondhref="mailto:listservlistserv.albany.edu"Electronic Math
Journals Use subscribe EMJ in the BODY of a message.
There is an archive at the
href="http:listserv.albany.edu:8080archivesemj.html"host
site. This is a bazaar Sometimes technical, sometimes economic or legal,
sometimes otherhref="mailto:listservrelay.urz.uniheidelberg.de"
Development Use subscribe LATEXL in the BODY of a message.
Archive location, if any, unknown.
Neither a bazaar, nor a cathedral Very sophisticated and technical
User questions are not wantedhref="mailto:wwwmathrequestw3.org"MathML and the
HTML Math WG Make your message SUBJECT subscribe Message BODY should
be blank.
An archive will be found behind the
href="http:www.w3.orgMath"W3C Math web site.
This is a small bazaar in the nave of a cathedral The cathedral
chapter has its own private list Many chapter members,
not all, who speak in the nave seem to feel constrained to
representation of the chapterhref="news:comp.text.sgml"UseNet news on SGML (if
you get news) A bazaar with many, many important people Sophisticated and
technical, questions about SGML (but not HTML, nor http,
nor the web, ...) are usually answered wellhref="news:comp.text.xml"UseNet news on XML (if you
get news) A recent spinoff from the SGML discussion Eventually
it should operate at much higher volume than the SGML
discussionPointers to a Few Related Thingshref="http:math.albany.edumathpershammondPresentug2001"Slides from 2001 A presentation given at The University of Delaware during the
2001 annual meeting of
href="http:www.tug.orgtug2001"TUGhref="http:www.mediawiki.orgwikiExtension:Blahtex"BlahtexBlahtex converts like math markup to MathML
for use with href="http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiMediaWiki"MediaWiki, which is wiki implementation software for
href="http:en.wikipedia.org"Wikipediahref="http:tbookdtd.sourceforge.net"TBook The TBook System for XML Authoring by Torsten Brongerhref="http:www.w3.orgTRMathML"MathML, Version 2.0, Second Edition A W3C recommendation (October 21, 2003)
In the fall of 2009 emMathML, Version 3em and the
emMathML for CSS Profileem became candidate recommendations
at W3C See http:www.w3.orgMathhref="http:www.mathweb.orgomdoc"OMDoc: Open
Mathematical Documents A content based XML markup format by Michael Kohlhase
of Universitat Saarlandes and Carnegie Mellon University
for mathematics on the Internet that extends href="http:www.openmath.org"OpenMath to the document level
Released November 1, 2000Daniele Giacominis href="http:www.archive.orgdetailssgmltexi"Sgmltexi Sgmltexi provided the first SGML
model of Texinfo, the language of the GNU Documentation System
Since its first release in the year 2000 Texinfo itself has incorporated
an XML modelhref="http:golem.ph.utexas.edudistlerblogitex2MML.html"itex2MMLitex2MML is the math to MathML converter that at one
time had been featured at Paul Gartsides MathZilla site It is
now used with Jacques Distlers very active mathematical physics blog
href="http:golem.ph.utexas.edudistlerblog"MusingsDavid Carlisles href="http:www.dcarlisle.demon.co.ukxmltex"xmltexxmltex uses TeX, the program, to parse (without
validation) an XML document and then set it in , according
to user rules written in code for , that govern what is done for
each of the tags in the corresponding XML document type definition
The same items are also available at CTAN in
macrosxmltexSebastian Rahtzs PassiveTeX Uses as a formatting back end for documents prepared under
an XML language according to an XSL stylesheet It is availabe
through href="http:ctan.tug.org"CTANTeX4ht, htlatex, : Work of
href="http:www.cse.ohiostate.edugurari"Eitan Gurari
at Ohio State University.
An important way to make
HTML and XML versions of and documents
This is based on a C program
href="http:www.cse.ohiostate.edugurariTeX4htmn.html"TeX4ht, and on a related macro package for The macro
package causes , the program, to add specials to its
DVI output The program TeX4ht operates on a DVI that
has been so prepared and makes HTML or XML (The
DVI format has the abstract structure of a classical assembly
language There are several special instructions that
serve as wildcards These specials are of use only to
processors that know about them on a casebycase basis They
should, in theory, be ignored by processors that do not
recognize them.)
In recent editions of TUGs TeXLive a convenient default
interface for using TeX4ht to make classical HTML from
is the command htlatex, while the interface for making HTML
with MathML is the command mzlatex Aside from the
standard TeX4ht docs, those interested in this approach might
want to consult
http:facweb.knowlton.ohiostate.edupvitonsupportswphtpa4.htmlSadly, Eitan Gurari, the author of TeX4ht, died in 2009HyperLaTeX An early (mid 90s) package (unfortunately not on CTAN) for
the production of and HTML from a single specialized
source documenthref="http:www.cs.uu.nlotfriedHyperlatex"Hyperlatex
is somewhat similar to GELLMU in its use of an Emacs Lisp program for
generating HTML though it seems not to provide a method for conscious
writing under other SGML or XML document typeshref="http:www.latexproject.org"The 3 Project Information is available in the document section of the current
2E base distribution under the filename ltx3info.tex
(with DVI and PostScript version nearby) On the web one may
consult the href="http:ctan.tug.orgtexarchivemacroslatexdocltx3info.pdf"PDF version Plans for SGML are mentioned in
this document There is a mailing list on the topic of 3
development at the address LATEXLrelay.urz.uniheidelberg.dehref="http:getfo.orgtexml"TeXML TeXML is an XML vocabulary for describing
syntax that has evolved from
href="http:www.alphaworks.ibm.comformulatexml"Doug Lovells TeXML,
which became available in the late 1990sIts useful for converting XML documents to , , or Context,
but its not useful for translating documents to XML document types
One writes an XSL style sheet to translate an XML document type into
TeXML Another program then translates TeXML to Bruce Millers href="http:dlmf.nist.govLaTeXML"LaTeXMLLaTeXML is a Perl program for converting documents
to the LaTeXML XML document type A separate program is provided
for translating the LaTeXML XML document type to XHTMLMathML
While LaTeXML tries to mimic the actions of , the program,
in typesetting documents as DVI or PDF, it does not
employ a engineLaTeXML is the converter that was used in the project
called href="http:kwarc.infoprojectsarXMLiv"arXMLiv
for converting documents at
href="http:www.arxiv.org"The arXiv to XMLSmart Documents. There are various forms of smartness SGML
will provide easily for all of them See Richard Fatemans material
on href="http:http.cs.berkeley.edufatemanMVSD.html"More Versatile Scientific Documents ...Linux Documentation. The How To documents for Linux systems are based
on an SGML language with ancestry in the like language
of the QWERTZ document formatting system from the University of
Exeter (U.K.) in the early 1990s
The href="http:sgmltoolslite.sourceforge.net"SGMLtoolsLite
Project is a recent effort to bring Linux documents under
the href="http:www.oasisopen.orgdocbook"DocBook
languageLuc Marangets Heveahref="http:cristal.inria.frmarangethevea"Hevea is a to HTML translator, said
to produce correct HTML 4.0Latex2html and Latex2htmlwithMathML.
The familiar Perl package href="http:www.ctan.orgtexarchivesupportlatex2html"latex2html gained popularity in math departments
during the early days of the web not only by translating the
commands that could be marked up into HTML but also by
automatically putting out mathematics in graphic objects housed in
"img" tags; the graphics were created with
subprocesses that used , dvips, and some
netpbm utilities Many features have been addedA 1998
href="http:www.geom.umn.edurosswebtexwebtex"variant
at The Geometry Center offers the option of replacing the graphic objects
with href="http:www.w3.orgMath"MathML objectsThe philosophy of href="http:math.albany.edumathpershammondunixphil.html"Kernighan and Pike. If you have never looked at their classic 1984 book, here are a
few quoted paragraphs Dont let their use of a trademark get in your
wayAbout this DocumentThis document, which is primarily a web page, is itself a regular
GELLMU document (see
Href="reggellmu"reggellmu)
Versions of this document other than the HTML version include the original
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.glm"GELLMU source, its
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.xml"translation to XML (from which the
HTML version is derived), the derived
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.xhtml"translation to XHTMLMathML, and the derived
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.ltx" source from which a
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.dvi"device independent (DVI) file
and a file in
href="http:www.albany.eduhammondgellmuigligl.pdf"Adobes portable document format (PDF)
were compiled
The PDF copy, which was generated using the free program
pdflatex, is tuned for printing on 8.5 x 11 inch paper by those
who have yet to equip themselves (freely) for printing DVI