Introduction and Scope Subject Headings and Browsing Areas Encyclopedias Dictionaries Research Guides and Directories Bibliographic Sources Biographical Sources Important Works on Postcolonial Theory and Literature Indexes and Abstracts Periodicals Internet Resources

James Ward (1769-1859): Miranda and Caliban (the Royal Shakespeare Theatre Collection, Stratford-upon-Avon).

Postcolonial cultural and literary theories were formally conceived of in the academy during the last quarter century. These theories evolved out of the need for new and progressive conceptual frameworks by which to explore the cultural, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical trends which have indelibly marked regions of the world where colonization has played an influential role in the evolution of culture and history.

Today, with issues of race, class, and gender at their core, postcolonial theories deconstruct prevailing ideals of history, and uncover the ways in which political, economic, and social systems have been constructed and transformed in societies where cultures have been forcibly meshed by imperialism and colonization. Postcolonial cultural and literary theories trace the origins of forms of cultural expression in postcolonial societies, elucidating the interconnectedness of the colonized and the colonizer as manifested in linguistic, semiotic, and aesthetic traditions.

With African, British, Dutch, French, Indian, and Spanish influences, the Caribbean islands were immeasurably affected by colonization, which began with the discovery of the Western Hemisphere and the advent of the Transatlantic Slave Trade by Western European nations in the 1500s and 1600s. In this postcolonial era, the culture of Caribbean societies still bear historical, political, linguistic, and cultural influences of colonization, and postcolonial theories are being utilized to develop critical frameworks by which to understand the impact of these influences on contemporary forms of cultural expression which have developed in the Caribbean. Specifically, the body of literature produced by Caribbean writers in this postcolonial era is one area of research which has come to the forefront of contemporary postcolonial studies, and in particular, postcolonial literary theory. Caribbean authors of the postcolonial era have written important works which reflect the experience of slavery, cultural oppression, colonization, and the complex relationships which developed between the colonized and the colonizer.

This pathfinder is intended primarily for undergraduate-level students at the University at Albany doing research in postcolonial studies, Caribbean Studies, and on postcolonial literature of the Caribbean. It is designed to enable students to locate research materials which outline and discuss postcolonial theory in general; to identify works by postcolonial-era Caribbean authors and critical works on them; and to uncover research materials which examine postcolonial theory in the context of Caribbean literature. However, in order to appropriately research the body of literature written by Caribbean authors from the postcolonial era, the history of slavery, colonization, and independence, social, and political movements in the Caribbean from the 1600s on must be considered. To this end, resources focusing on the general history of the Caribbean are included in order to provide an appropriate scope.

This pathfinder includes reference and non-reference materials. Unless otherwise noted, all items listed are available in the main library at the University at Albany (UALB ULIB) or the Dewey Graduate Library (UALB DEWEY). Call numbers are provided where applicable.

Browsing Areas

• JV1-9840 Political Science: Colonies and Colonization, Emigration and Immigration, International Migration
• PN Literature (general)
• PN80-99 Literary Criticism (general)
• PN849 Caribbean Literature -- History and Criticism
• PQ French literature -- Italian Literature -- Spanish Literature -- Portuguese Literature
• PR English Literature
• PR9080 Commonwealth and Postcolonial Theory

Library of Congress Subject Headings

• Postcolonialism, Colonialism, Orientalism, Imperialism, Postcolonial theory, Postcolonialism and the arts, Postcolonial literatures, Postcolonialism in literature, Caribbean literature, Postcolonialism -- Caribbean area, Caribbean literature -- 20th century -- history and criticism, Caribbean literature -- colonial influence.

• Hawley, John C. Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies. New York: Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBN: 0313311927. UALB ULIB PN 849 U43 E53 2001.

This comprehensive volume covers a broad range of topics in postcolonial studies. Over 150 alphabetically arranged entries provide information on major postcolonial theorists and authors, and information on the history and present state of postcolonial societies and countries throughout the world. Entries are informative and well written. An index and bibliography are included. 520 pages.

• Schwarz, Henry, ed. A Companion to Postcolonial Studies. Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishers, 2000. ISBN: 0631206620.

Blackwell’s authoritative and comprehensive guide is an invaluable resource for studying any aspect of postcolonial history and theory. Detailed and informative entries cover the history and evolution of postcolonial theory, as well as information on postcolonial theoreticians and texts. Index included. 598 pages. * This item is not available at the University at Albany. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.

• Benson, Eugene and Conolly, L. W. Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Routledge, 1994. ISBN: 0415051991. UALB ULIB REF PR 9080 A52 E53 1994.

This two-volume set provides information on literature from nearly every culture in the world which has been affected by imperialism or colonization. Individual writers, genres, and national literary developments are covered. Over 1600 detailed entries help to document the history and development of postcolonial literatures written in English. Each entry contains bibliographical information and biographical information. This is an authoritative and expansive work covering a huge amount of information. Indexes to writers, subjects and works included. 1,952 pages.

• Turner, Jane Shoaf, ed. Encyclopedia of Latin American & Caribbean Art. London: Macmillan Reference, Grove's Dictionaries, 2000. ISBN: 1884446043. UALB ULIB N 6502 E64X 2000.

This is a comprehensive resource essential to the study of Latin American and Caribbean Art and the aesthetic trends and histories of the region. The most influential Latin American and Caribbean artists spanning 3 centuries, from a wide variety of artistic media are profiled with basic biographical information, exhibition-histories, and bibliographic information. Entries are generally 3-5 paragraphs in length. An index and bibliographic information is included. 803 pages.

• Balderston, Daniel and Gonzalez, Mike, eds. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures. London: Routledge, 2000. ISBN: 0415229715. UALB ULIB REF F 1406 E515 2000.

This three-volume set is comprised of over 4,000 alphabetically arranged entries covering Latin America and Caribbean cultures. Religion, influential personalities, arts, education, politics, sports, literature, music and cultural and intellectual life are all covered. Entries range from brief descriptions to lengthy and detailed essays. An index and bibliographic information is included. 1754 pages.

• Collier, Simon, ed. The Cambridge encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN: 0521413222. UALB ULIB REF F 1406 C36 1992.

This is an essential resource for information on Latin American and Caribbean cultures, countries, and people. Hundreds of entries arranged alphabetically provide information on plants, animals, food, art, dance, architecture, music, literature, visual arts, cultural and intellectual life, as well as detailed information on independence movements and contemporary political and economic trends. Entries for influential authors, actors, politicians, and musicians are included, as well as maps and illustrations. Entries range from brief descriptions to short essays. 480 pages.

• Allsopp, Richard and Allsopp, Jeannette, eds. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN: 0198661525. UALB ULIB PE 3304 D54 1996.

When studying Caribbean history and culture and in particular the art and literature of Caribbean nations, this dictionary will be an invaluable tool. As the culture of the Caribbean is linguistically based on Creole, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, and indigenous languages, this dictionary can help to understand the many linguistic nuances and unique terms and phrases which have emerged in the literature of the postcolonial Caribbean written in English. 20,000 words are covered. 697 pages.

• Levine, Robert M. Race and Ethnic Relations in Latin America and the Caribbean: an Historical Dictionary and Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980. ISBN: 0810813246. UALB ULIB F 1419 A1 L48.

This is a valuable resource for understanding the complex web of racial and ethnic relations which developed in Latin America and the Caribbean as a result of colonization. This work covers fundamental concepts in the study of of race, ethnicity, class, and gender issues, all of which play a significant role in Latin American and Caribbean culture, history and art and contemporary cultural theories, including postcolonial theory. Index included. 252 pages.

• Lux, William. Historical Dictionary of the British Caribbean. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975. ISBN: 0810808471. UALB ULIB F 2131 L88.

This resource covers the history of Caribbean regions which have been influenced by British colonization. This is an excellent resource for information mainly on history and politics; however, some entries are broad in nature and cover social and cultural topics. Bibliography and index included. 266 pages.

• Barnham, Martin, ed. The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0521411394. UALB ULIB PN 2969 C36 1994.

In studying the culture and history of the Caribbean and in particular its art and literature, this guide is a valuable tool. Information on important texts, people, places, events, and significant productions is provided. This is an especially good resource for biographical information on influential people in the history of African and Caribbean theater. Index included. 269 pages.

• Covington, Paula H. and Block, David, eds. Latin America and the Caribbean: a Critical Guide to Research Sources. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. ISBN: 0313264031. UALB ULIB REF F 1408 Z999 L385X 1992.

Over 5,000 sources are covered in this exhaustive work, which is organized by academic discipline. Extensive bibliographic information on research resources in each discipline is included. This is an authoritative and comprehensive reference source which will aid in any level of research in Latin American and Caribbean studies. Indexes included. 952 pages.

• Fenton, Thomas P. Latin America and Caribbean: a Directory of Resources. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books; Zed Books, 1986. ISBN: 0883445298. UALB ULIB F 1408 Z999 F46X 1986.

This guide covers both standard and alternative research resources on Latin America and the Caribbean. Six sections list resources representing a variety of critical perspectives on the U.S. role in Latin America. The guide covers organizations, books, periodicals, pamphlets and articles, audio-visual, and other resources. The audio-visual section lists films, slide shows, videotapes, records, and tapes. 142 pages.

• Grieb, Kenneth, ed. Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. ISBN: 0299100502. UALB ULIB F 2161 Z999 R47X 1985.

This is an accessible work providing information on important resources for research on Central America and the Caribbean. Thousands of resources dealing with a wide range of issues including sports, economics, politics, history, literature, and the arts, are provided. This guide is especially good for discovering research resources for Central America and the Caribbean which are general in nature and cover a broad spectrum of topics. Index included. 431 pages.

• Fenwick, M. J. Writers of the Caribbean and Central America: a Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1992. ISBN: 0824040104. UALB ULIB REF PN 849 C3 F46X 1992.

This is a valuable tool for discovering Central American and Caribbean literature. Organized alphabetically by nation, 42 sections hold listings for thousands of authors from every nation in the Caribbean and Central America. This is an authoritative and exhaustive bibliographic resource essential for research in postcolonial literature of the Caribbean and beyond. Index included. 1630 pages.

• Goslinga, Marian. Caribbean Literature: a Bibliography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN: 0810834529. UALB ULIB PN 849 C3 Z991 1998.

Over 3,000 entries arranged topically and geographically cover a selection of authors from the Caribbean. This is a very accessible resource suited to introductory research in postcolonial literature of the Caribbean. Index included. 469 pages.

• Bayitch, Stojan A. Latin America and the Caribbean; a Bibliographical Guide to Works in English. Coral Gables, FL, University of Miami Press, 1967. ISBN: 037900397X. UALB ULIB Z 1601 B35.

This is an excellent and accessible guide to works in English by Caribbean and Latin American authors. Although published in the 1960s, this work remains an authoritative resource for bibliographic information. Index included. 943 pages.

• Jahn, Janheinz. A Bibliography of Neo-African Literature From Africa, America, and the Caribbean. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1965. ISBN: 0394173198. UALB ULIB Z 3508 L5 J3.

Literary and historical scholar Janheinz Jahn compiled this work in the 1960s, and it is a useful, specialized resource which focuses on the literature of the African Diaspora. Published in 1965, this resource does not include important works from the last 40 years. However, it remains an excellent source for bibliographic information. Index included. 359 pages.

• Lindfors, Bernth and Sander, Reinhard W., eds. Twentieth-century Caribbean and Black African Writers, Third Series. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1995. ISBN: 0810393522. UALB ULIB REF PS 129 D53X.

Gale’s Dictionary in Literary Biography Series is an authoritative resource for information on literatures from around the world. This volume focuses on Caribbean and Black African authors, covering writers of fiction, nonfiction, drama, and poetry in the 20th century. Hundreds of entries provide excellent biographical information on authors. Indexes included. 400 pages.

• Berrian, Brenda F. Bibliography of Women Writers From the Caribbean: 1831-1986. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1989. ISBN: 0894106015. UALB ULIB PN 849 C32 Z992 1989.

This is a thorough and comprehensive resource which provides information on the history and evolution of women writers from Caribbean countries. Spanning nearly two centuries, this work is a valuable tool for discovering writers and their works. Index included. 361 pages.

• Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth. Caribbean Women Novelists: an Annotated Critical Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. ISBN: 0313283427. UALB ULIB REF PN 849 C32 Z991 1993.

This resource covers a selection of Caribbean women novelists from 1950 to the present. Authors from a variety of linguistic traditions are covered, including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Creole dialects. Entries total 150 and each include biographical and extensive bibliographic information. Author and language indexes are included. 448 pages.

• Williams, Emily Allen. Anglophone Caribbean Poetry, 1970-2001: an Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN: 031331747X. UALB ULIB PR 9205.2 Z999 W45 2002.

This is a comprehensive resource with over 800 alphabetically arranged entries that provide bibliographic information on postcolonial poetry of the Caribbean written in English from the period 1970-2001. Entries are generally short. This work provides valuable bibliographic information in a specialized subject area. Excellent indexes provided. 216 pages.

• Dance, Daryl. Fifty Caribbean Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986. ISBN: 0313239398. UALB ULIB REF PR 9205 A52 F54 1986.

While it covers only approximately 125 authors, the strength of this resource is in the detailed biographical information provided. Exhaustive biographical profiles of authors, as well as descriptions of major themes employed and summaries of criticisms and analysis, are included. In addition, excellent bibliographic information is provided. Index included. 530 pages.

• Herdeck, Donald, ed. Caribbean writers: a Bio-Bibliographical-Critical Encyclopedia . Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1979. ISBN: 1578890217. UALB ULIB REF PN 849 C3 C3.

For any college-level or above student, this is an exceptional resource for information on writers of the Caribbean. Detailed biographical profiles of more than 2000 writers include bibliographic information. This is a very useful tool in locating information on Caribbean-born authors and their major works. An index is included. 479 pages.

• Mendez, Serafín. Notable Caribbeans and Caribbean Americans: a Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN: 0313314438. UALB ULIB CT 329 M46 2003.

167 alphabetically arranged entries for artists, politicians, musicians, athletes, and many other categories make this work an excellent tool for investigating Caribbean culture and history. Entries range from two to three pages and provide detailed information on each figure including their achievements and significance in the cultural and history of the Caribbean. This is a good introductory-level resource for students beginning research on well known literary figures of Caribbean origin, such as V.S. Naipaul or C.L.R. James. Index included. 465 pages.

• Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen, eds. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature. New York: Routledge, 1989. ISBN: 0415012082. UALB ULIB PR 9080 A85 1989.

This collection of essays is an important resource on postcolonial literary studies, particularly those stemming from former British and French colonies. This work is credited with helping to establish postcolonial studies as a philosophical and academic discipline. A lengthy bibliography is included, as well as an index. 246 pages.

• Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth and Tiffin, Helen, eds. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 1995. ISBN: 0415096219. UALB ULIB RBR PR 9080 P57 1995.

This second collection of essays edited by Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin is a widely read and accessible work in postcolonial studies. With a focus on postcolonial literary theory, the essays in this collection vary in length and geographic focus. Overall this is an important resource which is still fueling contemporary ideas about postcolonialism. An extensive bibliography and index is included. 526 pages.

• Césaire, Aimé. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: New York University Press, 2000. ISBN: 1583670254. UALB ULIB JV 51 C413 2000.

This is one of the groundbreaking works in the arena of commonwealth and colonial studies, which continues to influence postcolonial cultural and literary theory. Césaire presents a detailed, sophisticated, and thorough critique of colonization and its affects on culture, art, and identity. An interview with Césaire is included. 102 pages.

• Fanon, Franz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, 1963. ISBN: 0802150837. UALB DEWEY DT 33 F313.

Like Aimé Césaire, Fanon produced works which have come to serve as foundational texts in postcolonial studies. A French-speaking Algerian, Fanon's body of work has been translated to English. His deeply psychological analysis of the relationship between the colonized and the colonizer delves into issues of racism, linguistics, history, and cultural identity. This is an important philosophical and theoretical work. Preface by Jean-Paul Satre. 316 pages.

• Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN: 0394428145. UALB ULIB DS 12 S24 1978.

This groundbreaking work is considered one of the most important critical texts of the 20th century. Palestinian scholar Said is credited for having had one of the strongest influences on the development and establishment of postcolonial theory as any other scholar in the field of literary and cultural theory. With a focus on the Middle East and Asia, Said examines the concept of "the other,” and discusses the interplay of language, identity, nationalism, culture, ethnicity, race, class and gender in colonial and postcolonial societies. 368 pages.

• Said, Edward W. Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. ISBN: 0674003020. UALB ULIB PN 98 P64 S35 2000.

This is a sophisticated collection of essays, including the famous “Reflections on Exile.” This collection provides a broad spectrum of ideas and themes which Said has covered throughout his distinguished career. Bibliography and index included. 617 pages.

• Thiong’o, Ngugi Wa Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture and Politics. New York: L. Hill, 1973. UALB ULIB PR 9340 N4 1973.

This is a collection of essays which focus on the interplay of language, nationalism and cultural identity. Thiong'o is an important literary and postcolonial scholar who explores the complex ways in which postcolonial cultures have assimilated and rejected languages of the colonizer. This is a necessary resource for understanding postcolonial theories on language, culture and the arts. 155 pages. Bibliography and index included.

• Walcott, Derek. What the Twilight Says: Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998. ISBN: 0374288410. UALB ULIB PR 9272.9 W3 W48 1998.

Poet, essayist, dramatist, and Nobel Prize winning writer Derek Walcott is one of the most important Caribbean writers of the postcolonial era. Walcott’s prolific career has included works in the essay format, the most important of which are included in this collection. Walcott writes eloquently on culture, artistic creation, language, race, and identity in discussing authorship and postcolonial theory. 245 pages.

• Walder, Dennis. Post-Colonial Literatures in English: History, Language, Theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. ISBN: 0631194924. UALB ULIB PR 9080 W25 1998.

Walder presents a comprehensive overview of postcolonial literature written in English. He examines the history of colonization and its impact on the literature produced in postcolonial-era societies. His examination of language is particularly important for understanding postcolonial theory and the ways in which it deconstructs texts and seeks new contexts for them. Bibliography and index included. 232 pages.

• Williams, Patrick, and Chrisman, Lauren, eds. Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0719039797. UALB ULIB PN 56 C63 C65 1994.

This collection of essays deals mostly with the influence colonization on cultural identity and national politics in postcolonial societies. There is no particular geographic or cultural focus of this collection. The value of this work is in the essays on foundational postcolonial themes and issues which emerged in the 70s and 80s. This is a good introductory text in postcolonial studies. Bibliography and index included. 288 pages.

• MLA Bibliography

MLA Bibliography is an excellent database for identifying scholarly articles on postcolonial theory and Caribbean literature. Over 800 citations to scholarly articles under a subject search for “English-Caribbean-literature” alone can be retrieved. Searches under a variety of different subject headings beginning with “postcolonial” produces more results. In the extensive subject headings provided, MLA Bibliography offers the user the ability to specify particular aspects of postcolonial studies and specific literatures as well.

• Ebsco Academic Search Premier

This multidisciplinary database provides over 3,400 full text articles from scholarly publications, and covers more than 4,400 social science, humanities, science and technology titles. Subject headings are easily located and lead to a wealth of articles on postcolonial theory and postcolonial literature of the Caribbean, many of which are provided in full text.

• InfoTrac OneFile

This multidisciplanry database provides full text access to over 2,000 articles and covers more than 6,000 scholarly publications. Subject headings are easily located and lead to a number of articles on postcolonial theory and Caribbean literature, many of which are provided in full text

• Literature Resource Center

Search for “postcolonial” and “Caribbean literature” as keywords; limit the search to the Contemporary Literary Criticism database; and specify the format type as Critical Essays: this search retrieves 26 full text articles on postcolonial literature of the Caribbean. Broadening the search using "postcolonial" and "literature" produces over 100 articles in full text.

• Disposition

This journal presents scholarly articles with a wide variety of approaches to postcolonial socieites of the Western Hemisphere. Focuses are on semiotics, cultural practices, and linguistics. Published by the University of Michigan Department of Romance Languages. Indexed in Sociological Abstracts and MLA Bibliography. ISSN: 0734-0591. * The University at Albany does not own this journal. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.

• Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies

Postcolonial theories on race, ethnicity, human rights issues, and political movements are the focus in this journal. Published by Routledge. Indexed in EBSCO Academic Search Premier. ISSN: 1369-801X.

• Journal of Commonwealth and Postcolonial Studies

This journal focuses mainly on the postcolonial art, history, literature, and politics of Africa and the Caribbean, although coverage of Asia and the Americas is also provided. Published by the Department of Literature and Philosophy at Georgia Southern University. Indexed in MLA Bibliography. ISSN: 1073-1687. UALB ULIB Per PR 1 J67. * The University at Albany only owns issues of this journal through the year 1985.

• Journal of West Indian Literature

This important journal provides articles dealing specifically with the general literature and postcolonial-era literature of the Caribbean. Published by the Department of Literatures in English at the University of the West Indies. Indexed in MLA Bibliography. ISSN: 0258-8501. * The University at Albany does not own this journal. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.

• Jouvert: a Journal of Postcolonial Studies

Jouvert covers a wide variety of postcolonial topics, focusing on a diverse range of locations. The journal offers mostly literary and political perspectives on postcolonial issues. Published by North Carolina State University's College of the Humanities and Social Sciences. Indexed in MLA Bibliography. ISSN: 1098-6944. * The University at Albany does not own this journal. It is available through Interlibrary Loan. For full text access to some articles, visit the Jouvert web site at http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/

• Nepantla: Views From South

This is an important and relatively new publication in the area of postcolonial studies. The journal focuses on the Western Hemisphere and represents a vareity of disciplines. Publishing by Duke University Press. Indexed in EBSCO Academic Search Premier and Project Muse. ISSN: 1527-0858.

• Postcolonial Studies: Culture, Politics, Economy

This journal provides articles which explore a broad range of topics in postcolonial theory including historical, political, cultural, and economic issues. Published by Routledge. Indexed in EBSCO Academic Search Premier, Sociological Abstracts and Historical Abstracts. ISSN: 1368-8790. UALB ULIB Per JV 2 P67X.

• Race & Class

Scholars, scientists, activists, and others discuss issues of race and class, with a focus on issues in developing nations and postcolonial societies. Published by the London Institute of Race Relations and Sage Publications. Indexed in InfoTrac OneFile. ISSN: 0306-3968. UALB ULIB Per HT 1501 R25.

• Brown University web site: http://www.postcolonialweb.org/

George Landow, professor of English and Art History at Brown University, oversees this excellent web site. This is the foremost internet resource covering postcolonial literatures and postcolonial literary theory. Most contributions are scholarly and theoretical in nature; they are extremely well written and informative. This site covers the history, culture, and art of nearly every postcolonial society in the world. Information is divided by region and subject such as “Africa," "The Caribbean,” “Theory,” and “Gender.” Extensive bibliographies are provided. This is an extremely valuable resource for information on postcolonial literary theory. No information provided on when the site was last updated.

• www.literaryhistory.com web site: http://www.literaryhistory.com/20thC/Groups/postcolonial.htm

The value of this web site is in the numerous links to other web pages covering noted postcolonial authors and theoreticians which are provided. Authors receive individual web pages which contain 5+ links to articles and essays providing biographical and bibliographic information, and discuss authors' connection to postcolonialism. An excellent resource for general biographical and bibliographic information as well as other internet resources. The home page was last updated January 19, 2004.

• Queen's University of Belfast web site: http://www.qub.ac.uk/en/imperial/imperial.htm

The pages of this website are authored by students working on Master of Arts degrees in the School of English Studies at the university. All material is written with the guidance of faculty members. This web site is a solid resource for information on a wide variety of topics in postcolonialism. Organized into 7 geographic regions, information is provided on the major writers of each region, their works and influences. Short essays on various aspects of postcolonial theory are provided in a “Postcolonial Themes” page and “Key Concepts” page. This is an excellent resource for bibliographical information. Last updated March 16, 2004.

• Pittsburg State University web site: http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/colonial2.html

This web site provides a wealth of information on postcolonial literatures and postcolonial theory in general. Authored by students with faculty supervision, this web site is bursting with information covering nearly every aspect of postcolonial studies. Essays range in length from a few paragraphs to two pages of text. Bibliographies are included. Last updated January 24, 2003.

• Emory University web site: http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/

This is a web site authored by students studying postcolonial literature and theory at Emory University and is supervised by faculty members. A massive amount of information on postcolonial authors, artists, and theoreticians is provided. Pictures of individuals accompany generally well written essays ranging in length. An excellent resource for biographical information. Bibliographies are included. Last updated February 03, 2003.

British painter and engraver James Ward was born in London in 1769. He is best known for his paintings of animals, but is well regarded for his prolific body of work eclectic style. Ward is considered a painter of the Romantic genre, and the painting Miranda and Caliban, depicting a scene in Shakespeare's playThe Tempest, is an example of this style.

Written in 1610-1611, William Shakespeare's play The Tempest has long been a significant work for scholars of postcolonial art, literature, and culture. The play is set on an enchanted, pastoral island, and while a precise location is never given, many of the themes developed by Shakespeare within the basic plot and dialogue touch on issues of conquest, oppression, the ideal of history, and identity in self, culture, and nation. These issues are among many central to postcolonial studies.

The events which unfold inThe Tempest and the complex relationships which Shakespeare develops among the main characters can be related to the historical and cultural relationships between the colonized and the colonizer in both colonial and postcolonial contexts. In literary studies, this connection has become especially prevelant. As Thomas Corelli states, the characters Ariel, Prospero's spirit helper; Caliban; Prospero's servant and son of the witch Sycorax; Miranda, daughter of Prospero; and Prospero, exiled Duke of Milan, have become "interpretive touchstones for critics who search out their permutations in writing."

In postcolonial literary and cultural theories, the character Caliban in particular has come to symbolize the colonized and a victim of psychological and cultural oppression. He is often characterized as a symbol of "the other," or culturally (and politically) marginalized persons or groups whose cultural identities and histories are distorted and suppressed within the power structure of colonization. In this paradigm, Prospero represents the colonizer; the dominant agent of history, who upholds a cultural ideal through psychological and physical force, which "the other" is infinitely situated in relation to.

• Cartelli, Thomas. "After The Tempest: Shakespeare, Postcoloniality, and Michelle Cliff's New, New World Miranda." Contemporary Literature, Spring 1995 v36 n1 p82(21). ISSN: 0010-7484. ULIB Per PN 2 C66X. Also available in EBSCO Academic Search Premier and InfoTrac OneFile.
• Coleman, James. Black Fiction and the Legacy of Caliban. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2001. ISBN: 081312204X. * The University at Albany does not own this item. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.
• Singh, Jyotsna G. Caliban versus Miranda: Race and Gender Conflicts in Postcolonial Rewritings of The Tempest. In Thorne, Allison, ed. New Casebooks: Shakespeare's Romances. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. ISBN: 033367975X. * The University at Albany does not own this item. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.
• Sparrow, Jennifer. Strategic Creolite: Caliban and Miranda after Empire. In Hubel, Teresa and Brooks, Neil, eds. Literature and Racial Ambiguity. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002. ISBN: 9042014288. * The University at Albany does not own this item. It is available through Interlibrary Loan.

Comments? Suggestions? Email es1422@albany.edu.