English 521:
Composition Theory and Pedagogy

Portrait of the Graduate Student
in the Early Elementary Years:
a documentary collage[1]

by Scott O'Callaghan


"Scott is a fine class member.
He follows directions well,
his work is good
and he is most anxious to please.
I would like him to become more independent of me--
a pleasure to teach."[2]

Teacher's comment
1st marking period
Kindergarten
Fall 1974


"Scott will make up a story about a camel. Please write down exactly[3] what he says."

Directions
from speech notebook
January 16, 1975


"Scott has become more friendly with his peers and I am pleased with this. A fine member of our group-- he is most helpful and sincere."[4]

Teacher's comment
2nd marking period
Kindergarten
Winter 1974


"Make up a story!"
"Once upon a time there was a mask. It was always worn on Halloween but not on any other days. It would be in the attic[5] until it was getting ready for Halloween. It was there with a costume and Halloween decorations and Thanksgiving decorations and other decorations, too. It was always in there in a bag with other stuff. It was there with other bags. The mask is the thing that is worn like Batman. It had the mask and the costume and the boots to match. When it was Halloween every kid in the house would get his own."

from speech notebook
January 28, 1975


"Write a list of the things you like—not just food!"[6]

"signs- stop and go
Fruits- oranges, cherries and apples
plants- piggyback, spider and baby tears
vegetables- tomato, carrot and lettuce
friends- Beth, Andy and Donna
paint and paste
play action figures[7]
coloring
watch television
write[8]"

from speech notebook
April 15, 1975


"Skills and Readiness:
Is attentive
Shows enthusiasm
Contributes to group discussion
Enjoys stories and poems
Is developing a respect for others"

(all checked off "Does Well" for each period)

from Kindergarten report card
1974-1975


"A Trip To Outer Space
If I ever went to Outer Space I would bring back things.
My rocket would be strong.
I could fly, because I would have light shoes."[9]

Short story
March 12, 1976


"Scott is making excellent progress in all areas."

Teacher's comment
1st marking period
First Grade
Fall 1975


"We are very pleased with Scott's progress[10] and the Dutch Lane faculty."[11]

Mother's response
First Grade
Fall 1975


"Academic Skills:[12]
First Period Second Period Third Period
2. Language Arts
Expresses ideas orally C C C
Shows spelling competence S C C
Expresses ideas in writing S C C
Knows grammar S C C
Shows creativity S C C
Shows interest S C C
Handwriting S IN[13] IS
Listens S C C"

"MARKING CODE:

C= Commendable IN= Improvement Needed
S= Satisfactory IS= Improvement Shown[14]"

from First Grade report card
1975-1976


"Dear Amy,[15]
How is the White House? I live in Hicksville. My teacher's name is Mrs. Spector. I go to Dutch Lane School. What is the name of your school? My birthday is June 12. What is your birthday? I am in second grade. How is school? What is your teacher's name? What is your favorite room? What kind of comics do you like?[16] I like D.C. Comics. What do you call your father?

Your friend,
Scott O'Callaghan"

Letter to Amy Carter
Second Grade
1976-77


"Scott continues to do very well in all areas.
I have supplemented his reading program
with S.K.U. Text books on the 3rd and 4th grade levels to insure 'even' growth[17] in all areas.
He has a rich background
and should continue to enjoy all areas of the curriculum."

Teacher's comment
2nd marking period
Second Grade
Winter 1976


"Dear Mom and Dad,[18]
We want to thank you for the incubater with the eggs inside. And the chocolate lollipops. The chocolate was delicious. And the incubator was very, very, very good. Three chickens hatched; two hatched in the afternoon and one in the morning. The chickens are cute and two are yellow and one is black.
Your son,
Scott"

Letter to parents (with class group)
Second Grade
Spring 1977


"Academic Skills:
First Period Second Period Third Period
2. Language Arts
Handwriting S S S"

from Second Grade report card
1976-1977


"My Summer Vacation[19]

I went to summer camp. I went with my mother, my father and my two sisters. The reason why my family goes is because my father is the camp manager and my mother is head cook.[20] There are alot of activities for example 3 classes, swimming 4:30 Activity and evening program. Here are some of the counselers had-- Star Wars, Gambling, Capture the Flag, Old Beach Trail Hike, Yellow Submarine Station to Station and Cabin Night. Some of the classes are Geology, Woodworking, Tree Study, Farm, Arts and Crafts, Photography, Sports, Sports from England, Arcery and Indian Lore. I was taught to swim in salt water."

Class essay
Third Grade
September 7, 1977


"I enjoy having Scott's comments during our group discussions.
He contributes pertinent facts and valuable information.
He is truly doing well in all areas."[21]

Teacher's comment
2nd marking period
Third Grade
Fall 1977


"We are pleased with Scott's progress
and all you are doing for and with Scott and his class."[22]

Mother's response
Third Grade
Fall 1977


"Academic Skills:
First Period Second Period Third Period
2. Language Arts
Handwriting S (usually)[23] S S"

from Third Grade report card
1977-1978


"The planet I am reporting on is Mars. Probably we know more about this little planet than any other. Though it does not come quite as close as Venus, Mars always presents to us a lighted side. Unlike Venus, our near neighbor in the Sun's direction, we can study Mars carefully through many hours of the night. . . ."

from Research Report[24]
Third (or Fourth?) Grade
1977-1978 or 1978-79


"Academic Progress
2nd Period 3rd Period 4th Period
Language Arts
Expresses ideas orally S S C
Expresses ideas in writing C C C
Language usage (grammar) C C C
Applies spelling skills C C C
Legibility of handwriting IN[25] IN IS
Listening skills C C C"

from Fourth Grade report card
1978-1979


"We are pleased with Scott's progress,
but will try to encourage his penmanship
at home as well as in school.[26]"

Mother's response
2nd Marking Period
Fourth Grade
1978-1979


"We continue to be pleased with Scott's work.
I do feel he needs more sports oriented activities.
This is where I notice he is behind others his age.
I also wonder if more projects that he could work on
either alone on in groups be good.
He seems to strive to learn
and to read as much as possible."[27]

Father's response
3rd Marking Period
Fourth Grade
1978-1979



_________________________________________________

1. With footnotes by way of explanation or commentary.

2. What makes a student "a fine class member"? Note the kinds of qualities that my teachers noticed and directed their comments on report cards to. It's also worth noting at just how young an age certain pressures to succeed or conform are applied.

3. This direction illustrates just how I am able to write as much as I do during Kindergarten. After that year, though, all writing which appears in this document is my own writing (both composition and transcription).

4. Across a year, teacher report card comments form a way of shaping behavior and then updating the parents on this process.

5. The attic was a strange place to me: part of the house but seemingly beyond reach. It held wondrous things, most often brought down to the family at holiday-times. When we moved eventually, all attic functions were taken over by the garage and sundry closets in the new house.

6. The assumption is clear: that "like" will automatically direct students to think about favorite foods. I find the assumption curious, as a teacher of writing, but then again I have never taught students quite so young. Still, the directions a teacher offers affect the writing one receives from students.

7. I loved to play action figures.

8. Looking back, I am curious as to how much of this list is my own and how much my mother helped me to supply (either by prompting or by asking questions). In that spirit, the last item takes on a new possible significance, perhaps placed on the list (and in the emphatic last position, no less) as a way of signaling a certain kind of message to the teacher: hey, this kid really does like to write; he wants to succeed.

9. As with most composing in the early years, this story was accompanied by a rather large picture which I had drawn with crayons.

10. Mom picks up on the language of the comment she's responding to. The focus here is also clearly developmental (on both parts); it's not my performance that's the issue, but my progress.

11. Again we see some attention to the teacher audience here. The message of approval is here returned to the faculty, by way of praise in their performance.

12. Look at all the skills add up. Compare this list to the Kindergarten list to see just what is asked of students. This list also marks the first designation of subject areas, a fact that will become more and more specialized over time. It's also worth noting just which skills represent (young) competence in the Language Arts, including creativity and (gasp) handwriting.

13. I present the whole list to give some context of what the whole report card looks like (all the skills as well as all of my grades). But this moment is really a bit of a turning point. Watch how this quality in my writing is assessed over the years. I find it fascinating, looking back, to see how different teachers reacted to my writing (both in terms of the content of the composition and the physical skill of transcribing).

14. The language here, once again, is in terms of development. Clearly the IN is present as a warning sign of sorts, while the IS gives feedback that things have improved and are no longer a cause for concern.

15. Amy Carter, then in the White House for almost a year, was my age. My whole class wrote letters to her, and we received a very polite response from her secretary, as well as black and white photos for each of us. I thought that Amy Carter was so pretty.

1. Note the assumption here: I like comics, and so you must, too. My question is not, "Do you like/ read comics?" but "What kind do you like?" It's amazing that, even at this age, reading would figure into my letter with the First Daughter and that I would assume certain things about her.

17. I have no idea what "even growth" is, as if there were some kind of uneven learning. Still, Selma Spector remains among my most loved teachers. She sponsored a reading contest (books from a class library which we could select and read in our free time) which I won, giving me my own camera. I think that I learned more in that year than perhaps any other. . .or maybe it's simply that I remember the year in that way.

18. The class wrote thank you notes to my mother and father, who had come to class on several occasions to share with us an incubator (from my father's Cornell Cooperative Extension work) and homemade chocolates (from my mother's home-based business). The letter places me into an interesting rhetorical situation, I think, asking me to respond to a very real (and familiar) audience in a certain kind of way much like that often expected in school writing. My focus here is on the immediate detail of what they had to bring.

19. This essay topic is the ultimate in clichéed compositions. Fortunately, I had a couple of interesting things to say about my summer. All spelling errors in here are original to the text.

20. Here, I anticipate a question which my reader might have.

21. One might compare this to earlier teacher comments (noting a change in focus).

22. This comment, too, bears striking resemblance to earlier ones.

23. Seemingly, this is an important distinction. This sample is in contrast with the rest of my report card, in which I received almost all C's in other areas, indicating that the area of handwriting was one of some concern.

24. Genre expectations seem to govern this kind of writing (although I never would have described it that way at the time). Reports produce report writing, perhaps. OR I may have simply copied this report from a reference book. (I seem to recall one such book on astronomy in the house.) I think that I learned the important lesson that school writing is supposed to be all original sometime after this report.

25. Handwriting. Again. Note that the problem persists across two marking periods, leading to consecutive IN scores (an unheralded event in my education).

26. Again, progress is noted, but this response shows a critical turn at the conjunction "but," one which shifts attention from the wholly positive to the more negative (or constructive).

27. Watch the pronouns at work here: Dad begins with the first person plural (the parental We) but then shifts to the first person plural (the personal I). He ends by focusing on the third person singular, indicating his focus on me. The assumptions here are fascinating-- sports as a focus, the need to match up to where others are, and a need for projects and other hands-on activities. Dad was not completely unqualified to make such judgments, though, since he was the director-manager of a summer camp and a member of the staff of Cooperative Extension working very closely with 4-H members.



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