Plant Ecology  BIO 455/555     Fall 2003        

 

Class meets: Tuesday-Thursday, 2:30-3:50 PM, ES 242

 

PLEASE NOTE:  This is a 3 credit lecture course, not four credits as indicated in the Schedule of Classes.  The 1-credit laboratory section is now listed as Bio 446/546.

 

Instructor: George Robinson, Associate Professor, Biological Sciences

Office Hours:  Tues/Th 1-2:15, or by appointment; OFFICE: Bio 253B (442-4302)

Home Page:  HTTP://www.albany.edu/~grobins

Email:  grobins@csc.albany.edu

 

Required text:  Gurevitch, Shiner, and Fox.  2002.  The Ecology of Plants.  Sinauer.

Additional readings and class notes will be available through the ULibrary EReserves site.

 

Grading:  100 points total

Two Exams (2 best scores from 3 exams given, including the final), 30 points each.

Topic Paper or Research Proposal (Graduate students), 30 points. 

Unexcused late assignments lose one point per day.

Participation, 10 points.

Class Schedule

Day      Date            Topic/Assignments            Readings_______

Tu        9/2     Course introduction     Ch. 1

                 Consequences of being a plant    

Th        9/4            Light and photosynthesis            Ch. 2

Tu        9/9     Light and photosynthesis     Ch. 2, R 27, 38

Th        9/11     Plant water relations and energy balance     Ch. 3

 

Sat       9/13     Adirondacks FIELD TRIP (optional)     TBA

Tu        9/16            Plant water relations and energy balance Ch. 3, R 39, 40, 44

Th        9/18     Life below ground: Soil ecology     Ch. 4

Tu        9/23     Life below ground: Soil ecology     Ch. 4, R 1, 23, 31, 43

Th        9/25     Plant microevolution     Ch. 5, Ch. 6, R 3, 14

                                                 

Tu        9/30            Plant population biology Ch. 7

 

Th        10/2            Individual growth and reproduction            Ch. 8            , R 17

                 Questions for Midterm #1 handed out

 

Tu        10/7            Plant life history traits            Ch. 9, R 13    

 

Th        10/9     Midterm # 1 (one hour)

Tu        10/14            Plant-plant competition            Ch. 10

Th        10/16            Herbivory and plant defenses            Ch. 11, R 7, 22, 24

Tu        10/21            Herbivory: Origins of medicinal plants            Ch. 11, R 19, 37

                        Herbivory: Transgenic crop plants            TBA                                                               

Th        10/23     Plant community ecology     Ch. 12

                 Quantifying community structure    

Tu        10/28            Disturbance and succession            Ch. 13, R 4, 11, 16

                        Fire ecology                                   

Th        10/30            Diversity, rarity, abundance            Ch. 14, R 28, 29, 30

                        Invasive plants           

Tu        11/4            Plants and ecosystem processes            Ch. 15, R 5, 18, 21, 41

                 Paper title due

                 Questions for Midterm #2 handed out

Th        11/6            Distribution of plant communities            Ch. 16, R 36

Tu        11/11     Midterm #2 (one hour)

Th        11/13            Landscape ecology            Ch. 17  

                        Disease ecology

                        Paper outline due

Tu        11/18            Climate and plant physiognomy            Ch. 18, R 34

Th        11/20     Major biomes          Ch. 19, R 25

 

Tu-Th   11/25-27        No class (Thanksgiving Holiday)

Tu        12/2     Regional and global plant diversity     Ch. 20, R 8, 33, 35

                 Plant paleoecology     Ch. 21         

 

Th        12/4     Plant paleoecology     Ch. 21, R 20,26,42

                 Plant response to global change     Ch. 22    

                 Research topic paper due

Tu        12/9     Plant responses to global change     Ch. 22, R 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17

                 Questions for Final Exam handed out

Th        12/11     Reading Day

Tu        12/16     Final Exam 10:30 AM (one hour)    

 

Examinations and assignments

1.  Exams (60 pts.)

         The two midterm exams and the final will be the same length and carry equal weight.  Each will cover 1/3 of the course material.  All three will have the following format:

 

2.  Topic Paper (30 pts.)  (Graduate students and interested undergraduates will have a different assignment — see below.) 

         This is a term paper reviewing research on one particular topic of plant ecology, using course material and focusing on primary literature.  Choose a topic early in the semester.  The topic is your choice, and this is a solo project.  A topic outline must be submitted by the scheduled deadline, in order to receive feedback and assistance.  The format is as follows:           

     Your paper should be written for a scientific audience. Clarity and accuracy are most important, so avoid ambiguous phrases (e.g., “this shows that ...”), and make sure that your explanations and arguments are straightforward.  If in doubt about any construction, read it aloud and decide whether improvements are required.  Use active constructions whenever possible (e.g., instead of, “It has been shown by Smith and Jones (1966) that the ingredient responsible for skin rashes due to contact with poison ivy is urushiol,” write, “Urushiol is the ingredient responsible for skin rashes due to contact with poison ivy (Smith and Jones 1966).” 

 

3. Participation (10 pts.)

            You are expected to attend every class and participate actively.  For a brief period during each lecture, we will discuss current events relevant to the course, and you are encouraged to introduce topics for discussion.  Be prepared to briefly discuss your topic paper in class. If you are very shy, you can also participate by communicating with me outside the classroom.

 

HOW TO GET A LOUSY GRADE

            Some students turn in a poor performance accidentally.  Here are some tips that will help you with a deliberate plan to screw up:    

 

Graduate Student Research Proposal

            This assignment is an opportunity to explore possibilities if you haven’t begun research, or to develop new expertise, if you have.  Be imaginative.  You will be rewarded for creativity, but keep your methods practical and your approach realistic. 

 

Topic:  Your choice of any branch of plant ecology, including a relevant aspect of your current or planned research.  This is an opportunity to explore possibilities if you haven’t begun research, or to develop new expertise, if you have.  Be imaginative.  You will be rewarded for creativity, but keep your methods practical and your approach realistic.  We will discuss examples in class, and you will have opportunities to view previous research proposals by former students.

 

Format: In twenty or fewer pages (double-spaced, including any maps, tables and figures, plus a bibliography) describe an original research project, designed to answer an ecological question involving photosynthetic organisms, as basic or applied as you wish.  Include a brief Abstract, an Introduction presenting the research question, a detailed Methods section, and an Interpretation section, describing how possible outcomes would be evaluated, in light of the research question.  When in doubt, keep it simple, to avoid confusing the reader (and yourself). 

 

Budget:  Include estimates for the major costs of your proposed studies, including salaries, and their total.  A few numbers will suffice.  Most projects are limited by budget constraints, and it is worth considering potential costs of the research you propose.

 

Preparation:  Submit topics and outlines in advance.  We will meet as a group to discuss proposals before and after the submission deadline.  Plan to share your ideas and help others with comments and criticism.  Guidelines for preparation will be distributed in class.   Undergraduates may choose this option instead of a topic paper, for extra credit — with instructor’s approval.

 

Supplemental material

Required readings:

  1. Aber, J.D., C.L Goodale, S.K. Olliger, M.-L. Smith, A.H. Magill, M.E. Martin, R.A. Hallet, and J.L. Stoddard.  2003.  Is nitrogen deposition altering the nitrogen status of northeastern forests?  BioScience 53: 375-389.
  2. Achard, F., H.D. Eva, H-J. Stibig, P. Mayaux, J. Gallego, T. Richards, and J-P. Malingreau.  2002.  Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests.  Science 297: 999-1002.
  3. Agrawal, A.A.  2001.  Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species.  Science 294: 321-325.
  4. Bazzaz,  F.A.  1979.  The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10: 351-371.
  5. Bradford, M.A., and Eighteen Others.  2002.  Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems.  Science 298: 615-618.
  6. Bueseler, K.O., and P.W. Boyd.  2003.  Will ocean fertilization work?  Science 300: 67-69.
  7. Cahill, J.F., Jr., J.P. Castelli, and B.H. Casper.  2001.  The herbivory uncertainty principle: Visiting plants can alter herbivory.  Ecology 82: 307-312.
  8. Clark, J.S., and J.S. McLachlan.  2003.  Stability of forest diversity.  Nature 423: 635-638.
  9. Cochrane, M.A., A. Alencar, M.D. Schultze, C.M. Souza, Jr., D.C. Nepstad, P. Lefebvre, and E.A. Davidson.  1999.  Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests.  Science 284: 1832-1835.
  10. Curran, L.M., I. Caniago, G.D. Paoli, D. Astianti, M. Kusneti, M. Leighton, C.E. Nirarita, and H. Haeruman.  1999.  Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo.  Science 286: 2184-2188.
  11. DeDyn, G.B., and Seven Others.  2003.  Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity.  Nature 422: 711-713.
  12. Driscoll, C.T., G.B. Lawrence, A.J. Bulger, T.J. Butler, C.S. Cronan, C. Eagar, K.F. Lambert, G.E. Likens, J.L. Stoddard, and K.C. Weathers. 2001. Acid deposition in the northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies. BioScience 51:180-198.
  13. Enquist, B.J., and K.J. Niklas.  2002.  Global allocation rules for patterns of biomass partitioning in seed plants.  Science 295:  1517-1520.
  14. Etterson, J.R., and R.G. Shaw.  2002.  Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming.  Science 294: 151-154.
  15. Fitter, A.H., and R.S.R. Fitter.  2002.  Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants.  Science 296: 1689-1691.
  16. Foster, D.R., J.D. Aber, J.M. Melillo, R.D. Bowden, and F.A. Bazzaz.  1997.  Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic stress.   BioScience 47: 437-445.
  17. Gregg, J.W., C.G. Jones, and T.E. Dawson.  2003.  Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City.  Nature 424: 183-187.
  18. Hector, A., and 34 Others.  1999.  Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands.  Science 286: 1123-1129.
  19.  Huffman, M.A.  2001.  Self-medicative behavior in the African great apes: An evolutionary perspective into the origins of human traditional medicine.  BioScience 51: 651-661.
  20. Janzen, D.H. and P.S. Martin.  1982.  Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science 215: 19-27.
  21. Jenkins, J.C., R.A. Birdsey, and Y. Pan.  2001.  Biomass and NPP estimation for the Mid-Atlantic region (USA) using plot-level forest inventory data.  Ecological Applications 11: 1174-1193.
  22. Karban, R., and A.A. Agrawal.  2002.  Herbivore offense.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 641-664.
  23. Keeley, J.E., and C.J. Fotheringham.  1997.  Trace gas emissions and smoke-induced seed germination.  Science 276: 1248-1250.
  24. Kessler, A., and I.T. Baldwin.  2001.  Defensive function of herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions in nature.  Science 291: 2141-2144.
  25. Knapp, A.D., and M.D. Smith.  2001.  Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production.  Science 291: 481-484.
  26. Kurczewski, F.E.  1999.  Historic and prehistoric changes in the Rome, New York Pine Barrens.  Northeast Naturalist 6:327-340.
  27. Lee, D.W., and K.S. Gould.  2002.  Why leaves turn red.  American Scientist 90: 524-531.
  28. Loreau, M., and Eleven Others.  2001.  Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges.  Science 294: 804-808.
  29. Magurran, A.E., and P.A. Henderson.  2003.   Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions.  Nature 422: 714-716.
  30. Malecki, R.A., B. Blossey, S.D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L.T. Kok, and J.R. Coulson.  1993.  Biological control of purple loosestrife.  BioScience 43: 680-686.
  31. Mann, C.C.  2002.  The real dirt on rainforest fertility.  Science 297: 920-923.
  32. McElwain, J.C., D.J. Beerling, and F.I. Woodward.  1999.  Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.  Science 285: 1386-1390.
  33. Molino, J.-F., and D. Sabatier.  2001.  Tree diversity in tropical rain forests: A validation of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.  Science 294: 1702-1704.
  34. Pitelka, L.F., and the Plant Migration Workshop Group.  1997.  Plant migration and climate change.  American Scientist 85: 464-473.
  35. Pitman, N.C.A., and P.M. Jørgensen.  2002.  Estimating the size of the world's threatened flora.  Science 298:  989.
  36. Plotkin, J.,B., M.D. Potts, D.W. Yu, S. Bunyavejchewin, R. Condit, R. Foster, S. Hubbell, J. LaFrankier, N. Manokaran, H-S. Lee, R. Sukumar, M.A. Nowakm and P.S. Ashton.  2000.  Predicting species diversity in tropical forests.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 10850-10854.
  37. Raloff, J.  2003.  Herbal lottery.  Science News 163: 359-361. June 7, 2003.
  38. Rojstaczer, S., S.M. Sterling, and N.J. Moore.  2001.  Human appropriation of photosynthetic products.  Science 294: 2549-2552.
  39. Shaw, N.R., E.S. Zavaketa, N.R. Chiarello, E.E. Cleland, H.A. Mooney, and C.B. Field.  2002.  Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2.  Science 298: 1987-1990.
  40. Stephenson, N.L.  Climatic control of vegetation distribution: The role of water balance.  American Naturalist 135: 649-670.
  41. Tilman, D., P.B. Reich, J. Knops, D. Wedin, T. Mielke, and C. Lehman.  2001.  Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment.  Science 294: 843-845.
  42. Vajda, V., and C.J. Hollis.  2001.  Indication of global deforestation at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary by New Zealand fern spike.  Science 294: 1700-1702.
  43. Vandenkoornhuyse, P., S.L. Baldauf, C. Leyval, J. Straczek, J.P.W. Young.  2002.  Extensive fungal diversity in plant roots.  Science 295: 2051.
  44. Ozanne, C.M.P., and Twelve Others.  2003.  Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: A global view of forest canopies.  Science 301: 183-186.

 

Additional readings:

            For use in exploring paper topics, clarifying text material, a list is posted on our ULibrary EReserves site.  Also posted is a list of relevant journals and call numbers.

 

Video materials:

            The Private Life of Plants series by David Attenborough, other possible videos.

 

URLs:

Botanical Society of America: http://www.botany.org

Ecological Society of America: http://www.esa.org

Flora of North America: http://www.fna.org/FNA

Nat. Acad. Press, Abrupt Climate Change:   

                  http://books.nap.edu/books/0309074347/html/index.html

New York State Invasive Plant Council:  http://www.ipcnys.org

Ordination web page: http://www.okstate.edu/artsci/botany/ordinate

USDA Plants database: http://plants.usda.gov

Trees of North America:

                  http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm