Chapter 15

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People with panic disorder suffer from anticipatory anxiety, which is

a brief interval of unrealistic fear that precedes a panic attack.

the first stage of a panic attack.

often sufficient to trigger a panic attack.

the fear another panic attack will strike.

Studies concerning the genetic basis of panic disorder have shown

that 50 percent of the first degree relatives of a person with panic disorder also have panic disorder.

the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is similar to that found in dizygotic twins.

that panic disorder may be caused by a single, dominant gene.

that environmental factors outweigh genetic factors in the etiology of this disorder.

An injection of __________ may cause a panic attack in susceptible people.

alcohol

lactic acid

benzodiazepine

lithium carbonate

All of the following substances have been implicated in panic disorder except:

epinephrine

serotonin

cholecystokinin

benzodiazepine

People suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder

discuss their behavior openly.

have periodic episodes of mania.

recognize that their thoughts and behaviors are senseless.

are often insomniacs.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to all of the following except:

exposure to mumps

Tourette's syndrome

birth trauma

encephalitis

PET scans have recorded abnormal activity in all of the following regions of the brains of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder except:

a. prefrontal cortex

cingulate cortex

basal ganglia

cerebellum

All effective antiobsessional drugs

block dopamine receptors.

are MAO antagonists.

increases the sensitivity of the GABA binding site.

block the reuptake of 5-HT.

Which is not true of the language of autistic children?

It is abnormal or even nonexistent.

It often includes repetition of what others have said.

It improves in late adolescence.

It is often self-centered or self-interested.

Frith's model of autism as the inability to see the world from others' points of view does not predict which of the following symptoms of the disorder?

abnormal social relationships

stereotyped movements

impaired imagination

inability to predict and explain other people's behavior

The best evidence for the genetic basis of autism comes from

twin studies showing near-100 percent concordance for monozygotic twins.

examination of the extended family tree.

family studies which show that most affected families have more than one autistic child.

all of the above.

Nongenetic causes of autism include

hydrocephalus.

PKU.

exposure to cytomegalovirus.

elevated levels of CCK.

Select the correct statement about stress.

Short-term exposure to stressors typically causes conditions such as ulcers.

The fight-or-flight response is a maladaptive reaction to stressors.

Emotional responses are generally useful and adaptive, but can be hazardous if continuous rather than episodic.

The deleterious effects of stress on health generally have been over-emphasized by the media; recent research does not support this link.

Which of the following is not a stress-related hormone released by the adrenal glands?

epinephrine

cortisol

ACTH

norepinephrine

The secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by neurons in the _____and glucocorticoid receptors are _____.

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; contained in almost every cell of the body.

central nucleus of the amygdala; found in highest concentration in the adrenal glands.

hippocampal formation; especially susceptible to the effects of stress.

hypothalamus; the first to signal a rise in blood pressure.

Long-term stress increases the secretion of _____ which may be responsible for _____.

aldosterone; cardiovascular disease

epinephrine; sodium metabolism

glucocorticoids; the harmful effects of stress

antigens; autoimmune diseases

Young vervet monkeys near the bottom of the social hierarchy who experienced almost constant stress

failed to learn normal group coping responses.

engaged in more fight-or-flight responses than other young monkeys who were not subjected to stress.

later showed the highest rates of coronary artery disease.

sustained severe damage to the hippocampal formation.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

only strikes in late adolescence or early adulthood.

is sometimes associated with damage to the hippocampal formation.

is sometimes associated with damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus.

rarely occurs in subjects with the A1 allele.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

high blood pressure and high cholesterol

exposure to the cold pressor test

genetic differences in brain chemistry

high emotional reactivity

Why did the emotional response of a group of rats to inescapable shock disappear after they learned a coping response?

The pain was diminished.

The number of shocks was reduced.

Their stomach ulcers healed.

They were permitted some control over the situation.

The neural mechanisms responsible for coping responses may involve the secretion of

endogenous opioids.

glucocorticoids.

endogenous benzodiazepines.

GABA.

The immune system develops _____ through exposure to _____.

antibodies; antigens

interferon; antibodies

antigens; antibodies

antibodies; B-lymphocytes

Cytokines

are the body's first defense against malignant tumors.

stimulate cell division.

develop in the bone marrow.

are unique proteins on the surface of infectious microorganisms

Which of the following is true of the immunoglobulin, IgA?

High levels of IgA are associated with an unhappy mood in the subject.

Stress has no effect on the production of IgA.

IgA is secreted in the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs, and acts as a defense against infection.

Stress stimulates the production of IgA.