Chapter 13 and 14

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Most observations on the physiology of language have been made through work with subjects who have sustained

head injuries.

cerebrovascular accidents.

brain tumors.

infections.

When we say that verbal behavior is a lateralized function, we mean that

both hemispheres of the brain are equally important for speech.

both hemispheres of the brain have the capacity to perform all aspects of speech.

one hemisphere is dominant for speech and the other hemisphere plays no role.

one hemisphere is dominant for speech and the other hemisphere plays a smaller role.

People with Broca's aphasia

speak fluently, but have anomia.

speak fluently, but have poor comprehension.

speak slowly, with difficulty, but grammatically.

speak slowly, with difficulty, but with meaning.

Anomia is a difficulty in

finding the correct word to describe an object, action, or situation.

pronouncing abstract, but not concrete, words.

repeating sequences longer than three words.

using function and content words.

People with Wernicke's aphasia

speak fluently but without meaning and have poor comprehension.

speak haltingly but with meaning and have excellent comprehension.

can no longer speak but still comprehend the speech of others.

speak sporadically but to the point.

Research with people who have transcortical sensory aphasia suggests that

the ability to understand is necessary for accurate memorization.

recognition, repetition, and rhythm are inseparable aspects of speech production.

the ability to speak spontaneously is necessary in order to repeat what is heard.

brain mechanisms needed for recognition and comprehension of speech are different.

Pure word deafness is the inability

to comprehend the meaning of words.

to understand the speech of others.

to communicate orally with others.

to use grammatical constructions.

Damage to the posterior language area disrupts the ability to

recognize written or spoken words.

learn new written or spoken words.

understand words and produce meaningful speech.

understand particular categories of words.

Which is not true of the arcuate fasciculus?

It conveys meanings of words but not sounds.

It conveys sounds of words but not meanings.

It is an arch-shaped bundle that connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area.

Damage results in conduction aphasia.

Researchers suggest that people with conduction aphasia can repeat words only if they

are spelled regularly.

have meaning.

have no threatening emotional content.

are short.

Aphasia in deaf people

results in an inability to lipread, and is caused by damage to the right hemisphere, which is involved in recognizing faces.

is hard to determine, because sign language is not a full-fledged language.

is caused by right hemisphere damage, because sign language has a visual, spatial nature.

is caused by left hemisphere damage, as it is in hearing people.

Which of the following disorders is characterized by poor prosody?

Wernicke's aphasia

Broca's aphasia

anomic aphasia

conduction aphasia

Pure alexia is a(n) _______________ disorder and patients __________.

perceptual; can no longer read, but can still write

motor; can no longer read or write

sensory; can read but no longer write

auditory; can read and write silently but cannot read or spell aloud

Research using a PET scanner to measure regional cerebral blood flow suggests that a region of extrastriate cortex is important for

recognition of familiar combinations of letters.

encoding acoustical information about the sounds of letters.

associating words with their meanings.

reading speed.

Surface dyslexia involves a deficit in

phonetic reading.

b. whole-word reading.

letter-to-sound decoding.

comprehension only; reading is intact.

People with phonological dyslexia will have difficulty reading

function words.

abstract words.

nonwords.

content words.

In which form of dyslexia do people fail to comprehend what they read?

word-form dyslexia

phonological dyslexia

direct dyslexia

surface dyslexia

Studies of Japanese people with localized brain damage who have difficulty reading kana or kanji symbols provide evidence

for reading forms based on the type of alphabet used in the language.

for a universal reading form that involves brain mechanisms that existed before the invention of writing.

that the brain contains redundant neural circuits involved in reading.

for two different forms of reading that involve different brain mechanisms.

The fact that it is more difficult to write the word antidisestablishmentarianism while singing suggests that

the "auditory image" of words expressed in music is stronger than the image of words expressed in speech.

the ability to write some words depends on being able to articulate them subvocally.

it is more difficult to understand the spoken (or sung) word than the written word.

the ability to write words depends on the strength of the "auditory image" that is evoked.

People with phonological dysgraphia __________ words and then write them.

visually imagine

sound out

finger-spell

rehearse

People with orthographic dysgraphia have difficulty spelling and writing

compound words.

nonwords.

regular words.

irregular words.

Researchers who examined the brains of deceased people with developmental dyslexia found abnormalities in the

corpus callosum.

arcuate fasciculus.

planum temporale.

angular gyrus.

Researchers have noted a relationship between developmental dyslexias,

right-handedness, and muscular coordination.

left-handedness, and immune disorders.

right-handedness, and speech difficulties.

ambidexterity, and longevity.

All of the following support the hypothesis that dyslexia can result from abnormal input to the parietal lobe caused by an abnormal magnocellular system, except:

There is evidence of disorganized magnocellular layers in dyslexics.

Dyslexics have trouble with spatial perception and of movements in space.

Differences have been recorded in the primary visual cortex of dyslexics.

Dyslexics complain that when they try to read, letters seem to move around.