Chapter 10

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If an animal learns how to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus, it has learned a(n)

conditioned emotional response.

coping response.

offensive emotional response.

defensive emotional response.

If the central nucleus of the amygdala is destroyed,

autonomic and behavioral components of conditioned emotional responses are disinhibited.

conditioned emotional responses to visual and olfactory, but not auditory, stimuli are disrupted.

positive and negative feelings associated with conditioned emotional responses are disrupted.

conditioned emotional responses cannot be learned.

An augmented startle response occurs through a connection between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the

ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.

caudate nucleus.

nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis.

dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

People who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex

suffer from compulsive behaviors.

do not exhibit normal timidity in strange situations.

respond appropriately to hypothetical social situations, but not when these situations apply to them.

show a tendency to express emotional feelings using gestures and facial expressions rather than verbally.

What may be the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

to control voluntary activity

to organize hormonal responses to emotional stimuli

to make judgments and conclusions

to translate judgments into appropriate feelings and behaviors

Accurate identification of the facial expressions of Westerners by members of an isolated New Guinea tribe tends to confirm Darwin's hypothesis that emotional expressions

are innate, unlearned responses.

consists of four responses: fear, anger, sorrow, and surprise.

are immune to the effects of socialization.

are identical, whether posed or spontaneous.

The _____ hemisphere is involved in _____ emotions and the _____ hemisphere is involved in _____ emotions.

left; genuine; right; posed

right; negative; left; positive

left; fleeting; right; longer lasting

right; verbal expression of; left; nonverbal expression of

Following right hemisphere damage, patients

have difficulty determining the correct emotion conveyed in a situation.

can still imagine and describe mental images of emotions.

have difficulty expressing emotion with the face and voice.

can answer questions about emotional and nonemotional situations.

People with emotional facial paresis cannot _____ facial expressions of emotion.

imagine

mimic

spontaneously produce

distinguish between different

Research results using the chimerical faces technique suggest that the _____ half of the _____ is _____ expressive.

left; brain; more

left; face; less

right; brain; more

right; face; more

According to the James-Lange theory, emotional feelings

result from sensory feedback from the responses of emotion-producing situations.

are a direct response to emotion-producing situations.

are a product of both sensory feedback and acquired social behavior.

result in emotional behavior.

The results of research on patients with spinal cord injuries suggests that the intensity of their emotional states is related to the

frequency of social contact.

level of injury to the spinal cord.

length of time following injury

perception of self-worth.

Predatory attack

is usually accompanied by a strong display of rage.

and eating are organized by different neural mechanisms.

elicited by electrical stimulation appears aversive to laboratory animals.

on rats by laboratory cats is a spontaneous behavior.

If AP-7 is infused into the periaqueductal gray matter, the effects of medial hypothalamic stimulation are

increased.

blocked.

delayed.

inconsistent.

Increased activity of serotonergic synapses _____ aggression.

increases

inhibits

initiates

has no effect on

Monkeys in a free-ranging colony with the lowest levels of a metabolite of serotonin

showed increased risk-taking behavior.

had the longest survival rates.

usually became the dominant monkeys.

had the highest levels of social competency.

As adults, the male offspring of prenatally stressed females exhibited

less intermale aggression.

more intermale aggression.

less affect during predatory attack.

a marked aversion to all forms of aggressive behavior.

Females who were next to a male fetus in the uterus _____than females located between two females.

had significantly higher levels of testosterone in their blood

were less likely to display female sexual behavior.

were more likely to attack a male

exhibited less maternal behavior

Females of some primate species are more likely to engage in fights

during interruptions of menstruation caused by events such as pregnancy or low food supply.

just before and just after menstruation.

around the time of ovulation and just before menstruation.

following ovulation if pregnancy does not occur.

Immediately after giving birth, female mice

exhibit heightened irritability and aggressiveness.

are more hostile toward rival females than males.

will attack only males.

are docile for approximately 48 hours.

Infanticide by males is regulated by

pheromones.

proximity of rival males.

copulation.

blood levels of testosterone.

Studies of the effects of castration on human aggression

are the only way to determine the effects of androgens on aggression.

usually do not measure aggressive behavior directly.

do not need to include control groups.

usually do not correct for the effects of age at the time of castration on aggressive behavior.

Studies to correlate blood levels of testosterone and aggression

indicate that high levels of testosterone cause increased aggressive behavior.

are more reliable for male subjects than female subjects.

must take into account a person's environment in making conclusions.

cannot be undertaken because of ethical concerns.

Alcohol increases intermale aggression

among all male squirrel monkeys.

among dominant male squirrel monkeys but only during the mating season.

among subordinate male squirrel monkeys.

during retaliatory attack.