Chapter 9

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Which example illustrates the activational effects of sex hormones?

development of ovaries and uterus

production of sperm

differentiation of the primordial gonads

changes in brain development caused by androgens

The precursor of the _____ sex organs is the _____ system which develops _____.

female; Wolffian; without any hormonal stimuli

male; Wolffian; only if the testes secrete the appropriate hormones

male; Müllerian; without any hormonal stimuli

female; Müllerian; only if the ovaries secrete the appropriate hormones

Which event first marks the beginning of puberty?

release of gonadotropic hormones by anterior pituitary gland

secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormones by hypothalamus

appearance of secondary sex characteristics

production of estrogens by ovaries or androgens by testes

The LH surge causes

estrus.

the refractory period.

the release of milk.

ovulation.

During aromatization _____ is converted into _____.

prolactin; oxytocin

aromatase; testosterone

estrogen; estradiol

testosterone; estradiol

The sexual behavior of female rodents depends on the presence of _____.

testosterone

estrogen

prolactin and oxytocin

estradiol and progesterone

The acceleration of the onset of puberty in a female rodent caused by the odor of a male is known as the _______________ effect.

Whitten

Bruce

Vandenbergh

Lee-Boot

Removal of the __________ disrupts the Lee-Boot, Bruce, Vandenbergh, and Whitten effects.

pituitary gland

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

accessory olfactory bulb

adrenal glands

The frequency of intercourse throughout the menstrual cycle is at least moderately correlated with the woman's peak level of

testosterone.

progesterone.

estradiol.

oxytocin.

Castrated male cats remained potent longer if they

were introduced to a different female each time.

had previously engaged in high levels of sexual activity.

were housed with intact males.

did not have to compete with other males for the right to mate.

A large-scale study of male and female homosexuals found that

homosexuality results from unhappy parent-child relationships.

self-report was the best predictor of adult homosexuality.

only children were more likely to be homosexual than children with siblings.

homosexuality is often the result of poor interpersonal relationships with peers.

The biological basis of homosexuality may be differences in the

organizational affects of prenatal hormones.

activational affects of prenatal hormones.

degree of sexual dimorphism of the prenatal brain.

hormone levels of adult heterosexuals and homosexuals.

Human males with spinal cord damage

never again have an erection or experience an orgasm.

can only experience an orgasm through mechanical stimulation.

can experience "phantom erections" and orgasms.

experience a decline in the ability to have an erection and orgasm similar to the effects of castration.

The size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the __________ is __________.

medial amygdala; reduced in pups whose mother was prenatally sensitized

left temporal lobe; directly related to level of prenatal stress

preoptic area; controlled by the amount of androgens present during fetal development

ventral tegmental area; directly related to fertility

Injections of oxytocin into the brains of male rats

increase the likelihood of erection.

appear to affect sexual motivation.

decrease mounting behavior.

reduce the number of successful intromissions.

The brain region most critical for female sexual behavior is the __________ and the brain region most critical for maternal behavior is the __________.

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; ventral tegmental area

medial preoptic area; sexually dimorphic nucleus

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; medial preoptic area

sexually dimorphic nucleus; periaqueductal gray matter

The priming effect of estradiol is caused by

the LH surge.

an increase in progesterone receptors.

increased release of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus.

an increase in the firing rate of neurons in the periaqueductal gray matter.

Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter facilitates

ovulation.

lordosis.

hormonal priming.

lactation.

Female rodents lick the anogenital region of their young. What is one of the results of this behavior?

assures identification of pups by scent

recycles water

reduces detection of pups' odor by intruders

regulates pups' metabolic rate

Virgin female rats can be made to care for infants if they are

caged with an experienced mother.

allowed to observe pups through a glass partition.

given injections of progesterone.

placed with young pups for several days.

Ultrasonic calls from a rodent pups signals that the pup is

cold.

hungry.

threatened by an intruder.

unable to move.

If ovariectomized virgin female rats are given a sequence of doses of estradiol and progesterone, they will

build brood nests.

begin to lactate.

fail to retrieve pups.

be sensitized to care for young more quickly.

Just before parturition the level of estradiol

rises; the level of progesterone begins to fall; and the level of prolactin rises.

and progesterone begin to fall and the level of prolactin rises.

falls, the level of progesterone rises, and the level of prolactin falls

rises, the level of prolactin falls, and then the level of progesterone rises.

When monogamous species of voles in which the male and female both care for the offspring are compared to promiscuous species that do not share parental responsibility

there are fewer connections between the MPA and the ventral tegmental area in monogamous males.

Fos production in the MPA of monogamous males is lower.

the sexual dimorphism of the MPA is less pronounced in the monogamous species.

the vasopressin levels in the MPA of monogamous males are lower.