Chapter 7
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The frequency of a vibration determines its
pitch.
loudness.
timbre.
complexity.
Because the cochlea is filled with fluid,
its shape remains constant because liquids cannot be compressed.
the ability to hear high frequencies diminishes with age as this liquid is absorbed by the body.
sounds transmitted through air must be transferred to a liquid medium.
it is most sensitive to rolling movements; thus we can experience seasickness.
Which of the following is not true about auditory hair cells?
The inner hair cells are more numerous than the outer hair cells.
They contain cilia.
They produce depolarizations when bent in one direction and hyperpolarizations when bent in the opposite direction.
They contain actin filaments which make them stiff and rigid.
The round window moves in and out in opposition to movements of the
Eustachian tube.
basilar membrane.
tectorial membrane.
oval window.
Most of the neurons in the cochlear nuclei send axons directly to the
auditory cortex.
superior olivary complex.
thalamus
medial geniculate nucleus.
Progressive hair cell damage from the use of certain antibiotics causes a parallel progressive hearing loss, which suggests that some sounds are detected through
place coding.
rate coding.
synthetic coding.
analytic coding.
Musical overtones are
a series of complex waveforms.
repetitions of the fundamental frequency at a constant intensity.
multiples of the fundamental frequency.
repetitions of the fundamental frequency at varying intensities.
The source of continuous low-pitched sounds is detected through phase differences, which is
the time interval between the arrival at each ear of different portions of the oscillating sound wave.
the time interval between the arrival at each ear of the same portion of the oscillating sound wave.
the simultaneous arrival at each ear of the same portion of an oscillating sound wave.
a or c, depending on the frequency of the stimulus.
Bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex of monkeys results in
impaired ability to detect high frequency sounds.
inability to detect intermittent, but not continuous sounds.
gradual deafness.
impaired ability to determine the source of a sound.
The semicircular canals
respond to gravity.
are part of the system of ossicles.
are located in the sagittal, transverse, and horizontal planes in the head.
respond to steady rotation of the head.
The vestibulo-ocular reflex depends upon vestibular connection to the
third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve nuclei.
cerebellum.
cortex.
lower brain stem.
The gelatinous mass within the vestibular sacs shifts in response to movement of the
cilia.
otoconia.
fluid in the cupula.
fluid in the semicircular canal.
We experience feelings of pressure through
the cutaneous senses.
kinesthesia.
the organic senses.
the vestibular senses.
The _______________, which are found in __________ skin, are the largest sensory end organs in the body.
Pacinian corpuscles; hairy
Ruffini corpuscles; hairy
Pacinian corpuscles; glabrous
Ruffini corpuscles; glabrous
The reason why people ignore the pressure from a ring or a belt that they wear daily is that receptor cells
become fatigued from constant information.
adapt to constant stimulation.
degenerate from constant pressure and are not replaced.
are constricted by the constant pressure.
Somatosensory cortex
is divided into maps that allocate the most tissue to the regions with the greatest surface area such as the skin of the back.
is represented by five horizontal layers.
is arranged in columns that respond to a particular type of stimulus.
has yet to be represented on functional maps.
The most effective locations for producing analgesia using electrical brain stimulation are the
nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus raphe magnus.
trigeminal nerve and the rostroventral medulla.
periaqueductal gray matter and the rostroventral medulla.
nucleus raphe magnus and the posterior nuclei of the thalamus.
Electrical brain stimulation apparently produces analgesia by stimulating the release of
prostaglandins.
morphine.
histamines.
endogenous opiates.
Substances that taste sweet are first tasted _______________ of the tongue.
on the tip
in the middle
at the back
along the sides
Gustatory information from the cranial nerves is sent directly to the
parabrachial nucleus of the pons.
thalamic taste area.
hypothalamus.
nucleus of the solitary tract.
Studies have confirmed that ________ and _______ substances activate a G-protein and second messenger.
sweet, bitter
sweet, umami
sour, salty
bitter, salty.
Olfactory receptors are located in the
olfactory bulbs.
cribriform plate.
olfactory epithelium.
olfactory tracts.
Electrical recordings of neural responses to olfactory stimuli indicate that
response patterns to odors remain constant.
half the sampled neurons in one region responded to only one particular odor.
olfactory receptors exist for every detectable odor.
the metabolic rate of olfactory receptors is not affected by odor
All of the above occur during transduction of olfactory information except:
A special G protein is activated in the olfactory cilia.
The membrane of the cell depolarizes.
Cyclic AMP opens potassium channels.
Sodium channels open.
More on chapter 7
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The number of muscle fibers that serve a single axon depends on
the size of the body part that must be moved.
the precision with which a muscle can be controlled.
whether its controls flexion or extension.
its sensitivity to stretch.
The three components of a motor unit are
an alpha motor neuron; its axon; and associated extrafusal muscle fibers.
a gamma motor neuron; its axon; and associated intrafusal muscle fibers.
an alpha motor neuron; its terminal buttons; and associated neurotransmitter.
muscles; tendons; and associated stretch receptors.
During a depolarization of the muscle fiber, which event does not occur?
Calcium enters the cytoplasm.
The movement of actin causes muscle fiber to shorten.
The myosin crossbridges move, shortening the muscle fiber.
Myofibrils extract energy provided by the mitochondria.
The Golgi tendon organ detects
muscle length.
strength of muscular contraction.
the total amount of stretch.
rate of muscular contraction.
The monosynaptic stretch reflex
initiates limb withdrawal in response to pain.
helps compensate for changes in weight that cause limb movement.
maintains muscles in a constant state of contraction.
is the simplest neural pathway and has little utility.
A polysynaptic reflex
can be demonstrated by tapping the patellar tendon.
contain no interneurons between the sensory neurons and the motor neuron.
simplifies the role of the brain in controlling movement.
limits the amount of muscular contraction to prevent injury.
Muscle spindles are sensitive to changes in
blood levels of calcium.
tendon stretch.
muscle tension.
muscle length.
When a stretch reflex is elicited in the agonist muscle it _____quickly causing the antagonist to _____.
contracts; lengthen
lengthen; contract
releases; release at the same rate
releases; pull back
Stimulation studies of primary motor cortex indicate that the largest amount of cortical area is devoted to movements of
arms and legs.
head and neck.
fingers and speech muscles.
trunk and genitalia.
The principal cortical input to the primary motor cortex is
temporal cortex.
prefrontal cortex.
frontal association cortex.
posterior association cortex.
The fact that monkeys with bilateral pyramidal tract lesions had no trouble opening their hands when climbing but had difficulty opening their hands when eating indicates that
these monkeys can still successfully forage for food.
damaged neural pathways that mediate large movements can regenerate, but neural pathways that mediate precise movements cannot.
the ability to use the hands to flee (climb) conveys a greater selective advantage to the species than feeding.
the same behavior can be controlled by different brain mechanisms in different contexts.
The reticulospinal tracts controls
movements of the fingers and hands.
several autonomic functions such as respiration.
movements of forelimb and hindlimb muscles.
posture and righting reflexes.
Apraxia is the inability to
properly execute a learned skilled movement.
benefit from practicing a skilled movement.
perceive sequences of skilled movements.
resume performing a skilled movement that has been interrupted.
Limb apraxia is assessed by asking a patient to
perform a movement.
describe how he or she would move in a particular situation.
teach someone else a movement.
list components of a motion in sequential order.
Patients with callosal apraxia are able to perform a requested movement with their right arm, but not their left because
the lesion has paralyzed the left arm.
most people are right handed and the lesion does not affect "handedness."
the anterior corpus callosum has been damaged and the right and left premotor areas can no longer communicate.
Wernicke's area has been damaged and requests to perform a movement are only partially understood.
Patients with constructional apraxia have difficulty
pantomiming particular actions.
"constructing" the proper sequence of action when shown a series of pictures, in random order, of the components of a motion.
controlling the movements of their hands and arms.
building shapes using toy building blocks.
The primary deficit in constructional apraxia appears to involve
motor impairment of the hands and arms.
the ability to perceive and imagine geometric shapes.
difficulty in sequencing of actions.
the inability to follow instructions.
The components of the basal ganglia are the
ventrolateral nucleus; the ventral anterior nucleus; and the pontine nucleus.
premotor cortex; the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area.
the globus pallidus; the substantia nigra; and the subthalamic nuclei.
caudate nucleus; the putamen; and the globus pallidus.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by ______________ movements and Huntington's chorea is characterized by _______________ movements.
slow; uncontrollable
smooth; slow
rigid; smooth
slow; smooth
A pallidotomy destroys the
substantia nigra.
internal division of the globus pallidus.
external division of the globus pallidus.
putamen.
Huntington's chorea is caused by a defective gene that
causes the faulty conversion of MPTP into toxic MPP.
results in abnormally high levels of GADPH.
halts nitric oxide synthesis.
produces a protein with an elongated stretch of glutamine.
The cerebellum consists of two _____ with the _____ located on the midline.
lobes; intermediate zone
zones; corpus callosum
sets of nuclei; interposed nuclei
hemispheres; vermis
If a patient complains to a physician that he or she has recently been having difficulty maintaining balance, the physician may suspect a lesion in the
basal ganglia.
lateral zone of the cerebellum.
red nucleus.
flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum.
Stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region of the reticular formation causes cats to
sit down.
tremble.
pace.
stare.