Much of Chávez's political base is not prevalent in higher education, setting up a targeting of higher education as elitist. There is a surge of radical leftist politics in a few Latin American countries, such as Bolivia, as the electorate rebels against the market-oriented and U.S.-oriented policies of recent governments. Since the mid-twentieth century there have been a few precedents in the region of government antipathy to private education. Results have depended largely on the radicalism and power of the regime. Thus, notwithstanding major political battles and some hostile policies, private education under socialists Allende in Chile (early 1970s) and Ortega in Nicaragua (early 1980s), was largely able to defend itself. Under Castro, on the other hand, that has not been the case, and, as in other Communist regimes, private universities could not survive.